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Behavior of the Honey Bee in Pollen Collecting, The

<h2>SUMMARY.</h2> Pollen may be collected by the worker bee upon its mouthparts, upon the brushes of its legs, and upon the hairy surface of its body. When the bee collects from small flowers, or when the supply is not abundant, the mouthparts are chiefly instrumental in obtaining the pollen. The specialized leg brushes of the worker are used to assemble the pollen, collecting it from the body parts to which it first adheres and transporting it to the pollen baskets or corbicul� of the hind legs. In this manipulation the forelegs gather pollen from the mouthparts and head; the middle legs, from the forelegs and from the thorax; the hind legs, from the middle legs and from the abdomen. The pollen baskets are not loaded by the crossing over of one hind leg upon the other or to any great extent by the crossing of the middle legs over the corbicul�. The middle legs deposit their loads upon the pollen combs of the hind plant�, and the plant�, in turn, transfer the pollen of one leg to the pecten comb of the other, the pecten of one leg scraping downward over the pollen comb of the opposite leg. (See fig. 7.) A little pollen is loaded directly from the middle legs into the baskets when these legs are used to pat down the pollen masses. (See fig. 6.) Aside from the foregoing exception, all of the pollen which reaches the baskets enters them from below, since it is first secured by the pecten combs, and is then pushed upward by the impact of the rising auricles, which squeeze it against the distal ends of the tibi� and force it on into the baskets to meet that which has gone before. The long hairs which form the lateral boundaries of the baskets are not used to comb out pollen from the brushes of any of the legs. They serve to retain the accumulating masses within the baskets and to support the weight of the pollen, as it projects far beyond the surfaces of the tibi�. Pollen grains are moistened and rendered cohesive by the addition to them of fluid substances which come from the mouth. Analyses show that honey forms a large part of this moistening fluid, although nectar and secretions from the salivary glands are probably present also. In the process of pollen manipulation this fluid substance becomes well distributed over the brushes of all of the legs. The forelegs acquire moisture by brushing over the mouthparts, and they transfer this to the hairs of the breast and to the middle-leg brushes when they come in contact with them. The middle-leg brushes transmit their moisture to the pollen combs of the hind legs when they rub upon them. All of these brushes also transport wet pollen which has come from the mouthparts and thereby acquire additional moisture. The auricles and the plant� of the hind legs become particularly wet from this source, since fluid is squeezed from the wet pollen when it is compressed between the auricles and the distal ends of the tibi�. Dry pollen which falls upon the body hairs becomes moist when brought into contact with the wet brushes or with wet pollen. During the process of manipulation pollen passes backward from its point of contact with the bee toward its resting place within the baskets. Pollen which the collecting bee carries to the hive is deposited by this bee within one of the cells of the comb. As a rule, this pollen is securely packed in the cell by some other worker, which flattens out the rounded masses and adds more fluid to them. <h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2> Alefeld, Dr.—Vol. 5. Nos. 15 and 16. Eichst�dt Bienen Zeitung. Summarized in "Die Bienenzeitung in neuer, geschichteter und systematische geordneter Ausgabe." Herausgegeben vom Schinid und Kleine: Erste Band, Theoretischer Theile. 1861. Casteel, D. B., 1912.—The manipulation of the wax scales of the honey bee, Circular 161, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, pp. 15. Cheshire, F. R., 1886.—Bees and bee-keeping; scientific and practical. Vol. I, scientific; II, practical. London. Fleischmann und Zander, 1910.—Beitr�ge zur Naturgeschichte der Honigbiene. Franz, A., 1906.—In "Unsere Bienen," herausgegeben von Ludwig, A., Berlin, pp. [viii]+831. Hommell, R., 1906.—Apiculture, Encyclopedic Agricola, Paris. Phillips, E. F., 1905.—Structure and development of the compound eye of the bee. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 57, pp. 123-157. Sladen, F. W. L., 1911.—How pollen is collected by the social bees, and the part played in the process by the auricle. British Bee Journal, vol. 39, pp. 491-493, Dec. 14. Sladen, F. W. L., 1912.—(a) How pollen is collected by the honey bee. Nature, vol. 88, pp. 586, 587, Feb. 29. 1912.—(b) Further notes on how the corbicula is loaded with pollen. British Bee Journal, vol. 40, pp. 144, 145, Apr. 11. 1912.—(c) Pollen collecting. British Bee Journal, vol. 40, pp. 164-166, Apr. 25. 1912.—(d) How propolis is collected. Some further notes on pollen-collecting. Gleanings in Bee Culture, vol. 40, pp. 335, 336, June 1. 1912.—(e) Hind legs of the worker honey bee. Canadian Bee Journal, vol. 20, p. 203. July. Wolff, O. J. B., 1873.—Das Pollen-Einsammeln der Biene. Eichst�dt Bienen-Zeitung. 29 Jahrg. Nrs. 22 u. 23, pp. 258-270. <h2>INDEX.</h2> Page. Alefeld on pollen moistening by worker 23 Antenna cleaner of worker bee, figure 8 Auricle of hind planta of worker bee, definition 9 figure 11 role and action in pollen collecting 16-17, 19, 20-22 Basket, pollen. (See Corbicula.) Brush of foreleg of worker bee, action and role in pollen collecting 13 figure 8 hind leg of worker bee, action and role in pollen collecting 16 middle leg of worker bee, action and role in pollen collecting 14-16 figure 9 Brushes of legs of worker bee, use in pollen collecting 8-9 Bumblebee, moistening of pollen, views of Sladen 23-21 Cheshire on process of loading pollen baskets by worker bee 17 Comb or pecten of hind tibia of worker bee, definition 9 figure 11 role and action in pollen collecting 16-19 Corbicula of worker bee, definition 9 figure 10 process of loading 15-22 Corn, sweet, pollen collecting therefrom by honey bee 11-13 Cox� of worker bee, figures 8, 9 Dunbar, Dr. P. B., analyses of corn pollen from plant, from corbicul� of bees, and from hive cells 28 Femora of worker bee, figures 8, 9, 10, 11 Fleischmann and Zander on process of loading pollen baskets by worker bee 15 Flowers, variable amounts of pollen from different plants 10-11 Franz on pollen moistening of worker bee 23 process of loading pollen baskets by worker bee 17 Hairs, branched, of honey bee, use in pollen collecting 7-8 fringing pollen basket, function 20 unbranched, of honey bee, use in pollen collecting 7, 8 Hommell on pollen moistening of worker bee 23 process of loading pollen baskets by worker bee 18 Honey, use by worker bee for moistening pollen 24, 28-29 Leg, hind, of worker bee, loaded with pollen, figure 22 Legs, fore, of worker bee, action and role in pollen collecting 12, 33 hind, of worker bee, action and role in pollen collecting 13, 16-18 stages in basket-loading process, figure 19 middle, of worker bee, action and role in pollen collecting 13, 14-16 of worker bee, action in unloading pollen 30-31 structures used in pollen collecting 7-9 Mandibles of honey bee, action and role in pollen collecting 8, 13 worker bee, use in packing pollen in the cell 31 Maxil� of honey bee, action and role in pollen collecting 8, 13 Moistening of pollen by bumblebee, views of Sladen 23-24 honey bee 13, 22-29 Mouthparts of honey bee, action and role in pollen collecting 8, 13 Nectar, supposed use by worker bee for moistening pollen 24-29 Palma of foreleg of worker bee, definition 8 Pecten of hind tibia of worker bee, definition 9 figure 11 role and action in pollen collecting 16-19 Planta of hind leg of worker bee, definition 3 figures 10, 11 structures concerned in pollen collecting 9 middle leg of worker bee, definition 8 Pollen, chemical composition 26 collecting by worker bee, bibliography 33 general statement regarding it 11-13 summary of process 31-32 corn, from plant, from corbicul� of bees, and from hive cells, analyses to determine nature of moistening fluid 28-29 moistening by bumblebee, views of Sladen 23-24 honey bee 22-29 storage in the hive 29-31 structures of honey bee concerned in manipulation 7-9 supply of honey bee 10-11 unloading process by worker bee 30-31 Saliva, supposed use by worker bee in moistening pollen 23, 29 Sladen, observations on process of loading pollen baskets by worker bee 18, 20, 21 views as to pollen moistening by worker bee 23-24, 27 Spur of middle tibia of worker bee, figure 9 Storing pollen in the hive 29-31 Structures of honey bee concerned in manipulation of pollen 7-9 "Sweat glands" of Wolff within hind tibia and planta of worker bee, supposed function 24 Tibia of hind leg of worker bee, modifications and structures for pollen collecting 9 Tibi� of worker bee, figures 8, 9, 10, 11 Tongue of worker bee, action and role in pollen collecting 8, 13 Trochanters of worker bee, figures 8, 9 Wax shears or pinchers, so-called, use in loading pollen by worker bee 7 Wolff on pollen moistening by worker bee 24 Zander, Fleischmann and. (See Fleischmann and Zander.) <hr class="tb" /> <div class="trans_notes"> <h2>Transcriber's Notes</h2> Although the text uses "middle leg", the term "middle-leg" is always used as an adjective modifying "brush(es)" and was therefore retained. As they were part of quoted titles, Bienen Zeitung, Bienenzeitung; and Bienen-Zeitung were all retained. </div> <div style="break-after:column;"></div>

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