Indian To-day, The

<h2 class="chapter"><SPAN name="chapter_xi" id="chapter_xi"></SPAN>CHAPTER XI</h2> <h2 class="chapter">THE INDIAN'S GIFTS TO THE NATION</h2> <p>What does the original American contribute, in the final summing up, to<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></SPAN></span> the country of his birth and his adoption? Not much, perhaps, in comparison with the brilliant achievements of civilization; yet, after all, is there not something worthy of perpetuation in the spirit of his democracy&mdash;the very essence of patriotism and justice between man and man? Silently, by example only, in wordless patience, he holds stoutly to his native vision. We must admit that the tacit influence of his philosophy has been felt at last, and a self-seeking world has paused in its mad rush to pay him a tribute.</p> <p>Yes, the world has recognized his type, seized his point of view. We have lived to see monuments erected to his memory. The painter, sculptor, author, scientist, preacher, all have found in him a model worthy of study and serious presentation. Lorado Taft's colossal "Black Hawk" stands wrapped in his stony blanket upon the banks of the Rock River; while the Indian is to keep company with the Goddess of Liberty in New York Harbor, besides many other statues of him which pre-eminently adorn the public parks and halls of our cities.</p> <p>No longer does the red man live alone in the blood-curdling pages of the<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></SPAN></span> sensational story-writer. He is the subject of profound study as a man, a philosopher, a noble type both physically and spiritually. Symmetrical and finely poised in body, the same is true of his character. He stands naked before you, scorning the garb of deception and pretence, for he is a true child of nature.</p> <p>How has he contributed to the world's progress? By his personal faithfulness to duty and devotion to a trust. He has not advertised his faithfulness nor made capital of his honor. Again and again he has proved his worth as a citizen of his country and of the world by his constancy in the face of hardship and death. Racial antagonism was to him no excuse for breaking his word. This simplicity and fairness has cost him dear; it cost his country and his freedom, even the extinction of his race as a separate and peculiar people; but as a type, an ideal,<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></SPAN></span> he lives and will live!</p> <p>The red man's genius for military tactics and strategy has been admitted again and again by those who have fought against him, often unwillingly, because they saw that he was in the right. His long, unequal struggle against the dominant race has produced a brilliant array of notable men without education in letters. Such were King Philip of the Wampanoags; Pontiac, the great Ottawa; Cornplanter of the Senecas, in the eighteenth century; while in the first half of the nineteenth we have Weatherford of the Creeks, Tecumseh of the Shawnees, Little Turtle of the Miamis, Wabashaw and Wanatan of the Sioux, Black Hawk of the Foxes, Osceola of the Seminoles. During the last half of the century there arose another set of Indian leaders, the last of their type&mdash;such men as Ouray of the Utes, Geronimo of the Apaches, Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, and Sitting Bull of the Sioux, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perces, and Dull Knife of the Northern Cheyennes. Men like these are an ornament to any country.</p> <p>It has been said that their generalship was equal to that of C&aelig;sar or Napoleon; even greater considering that here was no organization, no treasury, or hope of spoils, or even a stable government behind them.<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></SPAN></span> They displayed their leadership under conditions in which Napoleon would have failed. As regards personal bravery, no man could outdo them. After Jackson had defeated the Creeks, he demanded of them the war chief Weatherford, dead or alive. The following night Weatherford presented himself alone at the general's tent, saying: "I am Weatherford; do as you please with me. I would be still fighting you had I the warriors to fight with; but they no longer answer my call, for they are dead."</p> <p>Chief Joseph, who conducted that masterly retreat of eleven hundred miles, burdened with his women and children, the old men and the wounded, surrendered at last, as he told me in Washington, because he could "bear no longer the sufferings of the innocent." These men were not bloodthirsty or wanton murderers; they were as gentle at home as they were terrific in battle. Chief Joseph would never harm a white woman or child, and more than once helped non-combatants to a place of safety.</p> <p>In oratory and unstudied eloquence the American Indian has at times equalled even the lofty flights of the Greeks and Romans. The noted Red<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></SPAN></span> jacket, perhaps the greatest orator and philosopher of primitive America, was declared by the late Governor Clinton of New York to be the equal of Demosthenes. President Jefferson called the best-known speech of Logan, the Mingo chief, the "height of human utterance."</p> <p>Now let us consider some of his definite contributions to the birth and nurture of the United States. We have borrowed his emblem, the American eagle, which matches well his bold and aspiring spirit. It is impossible to forget that his country and its freely offered hospitality are the very foundation of our national existence, but his services as a scout and soldier have scarcely been valued at their true worth.</p> <h3 class="chapter2">THE INDIAN SOLDIER AND SCOUT</h3> <p>The name of Washington is immortal; but who remembers that he was safely guided by a nameless red man through the pathless wilderness to Fort Duquesne? Washington made a successful advance upon the British army at Trenton, on Christmas Eve; but Delaware Indians had reported to him their situation, and made it possible for the great general to hit his enemy hard at an opportune moment. It is a fact that Washington's ability was shown by his confidence in the word of the Indians and in their safe guidance.</p> <p>In the French and Indian wars there is abundant evidence that both<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></SPAN></span> armies depended largely upon the natives, and that when they failed to take the advice of their savage allies they generally met with disaster. This advice was valuable, not only because the Indians knew the country, but because their strategy was of a high order. The reader may have seen at Fort George the statue of Sir William Johnson and King Hendrix, the Mohawk chief. The latter holds in his hand a bundle of sticks. Tradition says that the chief was arguing against the division of their forces to meet the approaching French army, saying: "If we are to fight, we are too few: if we are to die, we are too many!"</p> <p>As an Indian, and having often heard my people discuss strategic details, I am almost sure that the chief anticipated the tactics of the enemy; and the pathetic sequel is that he was selected to lead a portion of the English forces to Fort Edward that morning, and when only a mile or so out was ambushed by the enemy. He stood his ground, urging his men to face the foe; and when he was shot dead, they were so enraged that with extraordinary valor they routed the French, and thus Hendrix in dying was really the means of saving Forts George and Edward for the colonists.</p> <p>History says that Braddock was defeated and lost his life at Fort Duquesne because he had neglected and disregarded his Indian scouts, who accordingly left him, and he had no warning of the approach of the foe. Again, the Seminole war in Florida was a failure so long as no Indians<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></SPAN></span> were found who were willing to guide the army, and the Government was compelled to make terms, while the swift and overwhelming defeat of the Creeks, a much stronger nation, was due more to the Cherokee and Chickasaw scouts than to the skill of General Jackson. Of course, once the army is guided to an Indian village, and the warriors are surprised in the midst of their women and children, the civilized folk, with superior weapons and generally superior numbers, has every advantage.</p> <p>The Indian system of scouting has long been recognized as one of the most useful adjuncts of war. His peculiar and efficient methods of communication in the field by means of blanket signals, smoke signals, the arrangement of rock-piles, and by heliograph (small mirrors or reflectors), the last, of course, in more modern days, have all been<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></SPAN></span> made use of at one time or another by the United States Army. It is interesting evidence of the world-wide respect for our strategy and methods, that when the Boer commission came to Washington a few years ago, Mr. Vessel called upon me to advise him how he might secure one thousand Sioux and Cheyenne scouts in their war against Great Britain. Of course I told him that it could not be done: that I would not involve my country in an international difficulty. I was similarly approached during the Russo-Japanese war.</p> <p>The aid of friendly Indians in the case of massacres and surprises of the whites must not be overlooked. It may be recalled that some Cherokee warriors, returning from Washington's later successful expedition against Fort Duquesne, were murdered in their sleep by white frontiersmen after giving them friendly lodging. Here again is brought out the genuine greatness of the Indian character. The Cherokees felt keenly this treacherous outrage by the very people to whom they had just sacrificed the best blood of their young men in their war against the French. Some declared their intention of killing every white man they could find in retaliation for such unprovoked murder; but the chief Ottakullakulla calmly arose and addressed the excited assembly:</p> <p>"Let us have consideration," said he, "for our white neighbors who are not guilty of this deed. We must not violate our faith or the laws of<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></SPAN></span> hospitality by imbruing our hands in the blood of those who are now in our power. They came to us in the confidence of a pledged friendship; let us conduct them safely back within their own confines before we take up the hatchet!"</p> <p>He carried his point to some extent, and himself saved Captain Stewart, his friend, by giving up all of his property to ransom him. In difficulties between the races since colonial times there has been an unbroken record of heroic work in the rescue of missionaries and other white persons resident among the Indians by their native converts and friends. In the Minnesota Sioux outbreak of 1862 there were many notable instances. A man named Arrow stood beside Mr. Spencer and dared the infuriated warriors to touch him. There were over two hundred white captives saved by friendly Indians and delivered to General Sibley at Camp Release. During the following December some young Yanktonnais Sioux voluntarily ransomed and delivered up two white women and four children. I knew some of these men well; among them Fast Walking, who<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></SPAN></span> carried one of the children on his back to safety, after giving his own horse to redeem him. Seldom have such deeds been rewarded or even appreciated. When these men became old and feeble an attempt was made to have them recompensed by Congressional appropriation, but so far as I am informed it has been unsuccessful.</p> <p>I do not wish to disparage any one, but I do say that the virtues claimed by "Christian civilization" are not peculiar to any culture or religion. My people were very simple and unpractical&mdash;the modern obstacle to the fulfilment of the Christ ideal. Their strength lay in self-denial. Not only men, but women of the race have served the nation at most opportune moments in the history of this country.</p> <h3 class="chapter2">HISTORIC INDIAN WOMEN</h3> <p>It is remembered that Pocahontas saved the first Virginia colony from utter destruction because of her love for Captain John Smith, who was the heart and brain of the colony. It was the women of the Oneida and Stockbridge Indians who advised their men not to join King Philip<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></SPAN></span> against the New England colonies, and, later, pointed out the wisdom of maintaining neutrality during the war of the Revolution.</p> <p>Perhaps no greater service has been rendered by any Indian girl to the white race than by Catherine, the Ojibway maid, at the height of Pontiac's great conspiracy. Had it not been for her timely warning of her lover, Captain Gladwyn, Fort Detroit would have met the same fate as the other forts, and the large number of Indians who held the siege for three months would have scattered to wipe out the border settlements of Ohio and Pennsylvania. The success of Pontiac would certainly have delayed the settlement of the Ohio valley for many years. It is not to be supposed that Catherine was moved to give her warning by anything save her true womanly instincts. She stood between two races, and in her love and bravery cut short a struggle that might have proved too full of caprice and cruelty on both sides. She was civilization's angel, and should have a niche in history beside Pocahontas.</p> <p>Sacajawea, the young Indian mother who guided Lewis and Clark in their glorious expedition to the Pacific, was another brave woman. It is true that she was living in captivity, but according to Indian usage that would not affect her social position. It does not appear that she joined the expedition in order to regain her tribe, but rather from a sense of duty and purpose of high usefulness. Not only as guide, but as interpreter, and in rescuing the records of the expedition when their<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></SPAN></span> canoe was overturned in the Missouri River, the "Bird Woman" was of invaluable aid, and is a true heroine of the annals of exploration.</p> <h3 class="chapter2">THE CHILDREN'S HERO</h3> <p>Nearly all the early explorers owed much to the natives. Who told the white men of the wonders of the Yellowstone Park and the canyon of the Colorado? Who guided them and served them without expectation of credit or honor? It is a principle among us to serve friend or guest to the utmost, and in the old days it was considered ill-bred to ask for any remuneration. To-day we have a new race, the motive of whose actions is the same as that of a civilized man. Nothing is given unless an equivalent is returned, or even a little more if he can secure it. Yet the inherent racial traits are there: latent, no doubt, but still there. The red man still retains his love of service; his love for his country. Once he has pledged his word to defend the American flag, he stands by it manfully.</p> <p>In the Civil War many Indians fought on both sides, some of them as officers. General Grant had a full-blood Indian on his staff: Col. Ely Parker, afterward Commissioner of Indian Affairs. At one time in recent years a company of Indians was recruited in the regular army, and individual red men are still rendering good service in both army and<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></SPAN></span> navy (thirty-five ex-students of Carlisle alone), as well as in other branches of the Federal service. We have lived to see men of our blood in the councils of the nation, and an Indian Register of the Treasury, who must sign all our currency before it is valid. An Indian head is on the five-dollar bill and the new nickel.</p> <p>George Guess, or Sequoyah, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, is the only red man admitted to the nation's Hall of Fame in the Capitol at Washington. The Indian languages, more than fifty in number, are better appreciated and more studied to-day than ever before. Half our states have Indian names, and more than that proportion of our principal lakes and rivers. These names are as richly sonorous as they are packed with significance, and our grandchildren will regret it if we suffer the tongues that gave them birth to die out and be forgotten.</p> <p>Best of all, perhaps, we are beginning to recognize the Indian's good sense and sanity in the way of simple living and the mastery of the<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></SPAN></span> great out of doors. Like him, the wisest Americans are living, playing, and sleeping in the open for at least a part of the year, receiving the vital benefits of the pure air and sunlight. His deeds are carved upon the very rocks; the names he loved to speak are fastened upon the landscape; and he still lives in spirit, silently leading the multitude, for the new generation have taken him for their hero and model.</p> <p>I call upon the parents of America to give their fullest support to those great organizations, the Boy Scouts and the Camp Fire Girls. The young people of to-day are learning through this movement much of the wisdom of the first American. In the mad rush for wealth we have too long overlooked the foundations of our national welfare. The contribution of the American Indian, though considerable from any point of view, is not to be measured by material acquirement. Its greatest<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></SPAN></span> worth is spiritual and philosophical. He will live, not only in the splendor of his past, the poetry of his legends and his art, not only in the interfusion of his blood with yours, and his faithful adherence to the new ideals of American citizenship, but in, the living thought of the nation.</p> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <h3>THE END</h3> <hr style="width: 8%;" /> <h2 class="chapter"><SPAN name="biblio" id="biblio"></SPAN>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> <p>The documents chiefly used in the preparation of this book, aside from<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></SPAN></span> the author's own observations and personal knowledge, were the annual reports of the United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs, of the United States Board of Indian Commissioners, and of the Bureau of American Ethnology, the proceedings of the Mohonk Indian Conferences, and of religious and philanthropic societies engaged in Indian work; also the reports and magazines published by the larger Indian schools, especially Carlisle and Hampton. The following list of books about the North American Indian is not presented as complete in any sense, but merely as a suggestive guide to the reader who wishes to pursue the subject further:</p> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <h3>EARLY STUDENTS AND EXPLORERS</h3> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class='center'><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></SPAN></span> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="book list 1" width="42%"> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">North American Indians</td><td align='right'><i>Geo. Catlin</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Biography and History of the</td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of N. A.</span></td><td align='right'><i>Drake</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Works of</td><td align='right'><i>John G. Heckewelder</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Indians of North America</td><td align='right'><i>Henry R. Schoolcraft</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Oregon Trail</td><td align='right'><i>Parkman</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Jesuits in North America</td><td align='right'><i>Parkman</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Jesuit Relations</td><td align='right'><i>Edited by Shea</i></td></tr> </table></div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <h3>INDIAN MISSIONS</h3> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class='center'> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="book list 2" width="42%"> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Mary and I; or Forty Years</td><td align='right'><i>John Williamson</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Among the Sioux</span></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Life of Bishop Hare</td><td align='right'><i>De Wolf Howe</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">A Quaker Among the Indians</td><td align='right'><i>T. C. Battey</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Father Junipero and the Mission</td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of California</span></td><td align='right'><i>H. H.</i></td></tr> </table></div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <h3>LEGENDS AND FOLKLORE</h3> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class='center'><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></SPAN></span> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="book list 3" width="42%"> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Blackfoot Lodge Tales</td><td align='right'><i>G. B. Grinnell</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Pawnee Hero Stories</td><td align='right'><i>G. B. Grinnell</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Algonquin Legends of New England</td><td align='right'><i>Chas. G. Leland</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Lenape and Their Legends</td><td align='right'><i>Daniel Brinton</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Man Who Married the Moon and Other</td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pueblo Folk Tales</span></td><td align='right'><i>Chas. F. Lummis</i></td></tr> </table></div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <h3>MUSIC AND ART</h3> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class='center'> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="book list 4" width="42%"> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Indians' Book</td><td align='right'><i>Natalie Curtis</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Indian Basketry</td><td align='right'><i>George W. James</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Indian Story and Song</td><td align='right'><i>Alice C. Fletcher</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Primitive Indian Music</td><td align='right'><i>Frederick Burton</i></td></tr> </table></div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <h3>MODERN WRITERS</h3> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class='center'><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></SPAN></span> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="book list 5" width="42%"> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Vanishing Race</td><td align='right'><i>Joseph K. Dixon</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Story of the Indian</td><td align='right'><i>G. B. Grinnell</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Indians of To-day</td><td align='right'><i>G. B. Grinnell</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">North Americans of Yesterday</td><td align='right'><i>Dellenbaugh</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">My Friend the Indian</td><td align='right'><i>James McLaughlin</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">What the White Man May Learn</td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">From the Indian</span></td><td align='right'><i>G. W. James</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Indian Chiefs I Have Known</td><td align='right'><i>O. O. Howard</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Lives of Famous Indian Chiefs</td><td align='right'><i>N. B. Wood</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">A Century of Dishonor</td><td align='right'><i>Helen Hunt Jackson (H. H.)</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Indian Dispossessed</td><td align='right'><i>Setti K. Humphrey</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Indian Sketches</td><td align='right'><i>Cornelia S. Hulst</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Education of the Indian (Pamphlet)</td><td align='right'><i>Hailmann</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The American Indian</td><td align='right'><i>Warren K. Moorehead</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Indian in Relation to the White</td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Population of the U. S. (Pamphlet)</span></td><td align='right'><i>F. A. McKenzie</i></td></tr> </table></div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <h3>FICTION</h3> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class='center'> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" summary="book list 6" width="42%"> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Ramona</td><td align='right'><i>Helen Hunt Jackson</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Two Wilderness Voyagers</td><td align='right'><i>F. W. Calkins</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Wooing of Tokala</td><td align='right'><i>F. W. Calkins</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">An Indian Winter</td><td align='right'><i>J. W. Schultz</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">Childhood of Jishib the Ojibway</td><td align='right'><i>A. E. Jenks</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Middle Five</td><td align='right'><i>Francis La Flesche</i></td></tr> <tr><td align='left' class="sc">The Ojibway</td><td align='right'><i>James Gilfillan</i></td></tr> </table></div> <hr /> <h2 class="chapter"><SPAN name="table_res" id="table_res"></SPAN>TABLE OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS<br/> IN THE UNITED STATES</h2> <h4>(<i>Compiled by the Office of Indian Affairs.</i>)</h4> <div class="minispace"><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></SPAN></span></div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Arizona</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Camp McDowell</li> <li>Colorado River</li> <li>Fort Apache</li> <li>Gila Bend</li> <li>Gila River</li> <li>Havasupai</li> <li>Hopi</li> <li>Navajo</li> <li>Papago</li> <li>Salt River</li> <li>San Carlos</li> <li>Walapai</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">California</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Digger</li> <li>Hupa Valley</li> <li>Mission (28 reserves)</li> <li>Round Valley</li> <li>Tule River</li> <li>Yuma</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Colorado</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Ute</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Idaho</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Coeur d'Alene</li> <li>Fort Hall</li> <li>Lapwai</li> <li>Lemhi</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Iowa</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Sauk and Fox</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Kansas</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Chippewa and Munsee</li> <li>Iowa</li> <li>Kickapoo</li> <li>Potawatomie</li> <li>Sauk and Fox</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Michigan</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Isabella</li> <li>L'Anse</li> <li>Ontonagon</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Minnesota</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Bois Fort</li> <li>Deer Creek</li> <li>Fond du Lac</li> <li>Grand Portage</li> <li>Leech Lake</li> <li>Mdewakanton</li> <li>Mille Lac</li> <li>Red Lake</li> <li>Vermillion Lake</li> <li>White Earth</li> <li>White Oak Point and Chippewa</li> </ul> <div class="microspace"><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></SPAN></span></div> <div class="sc2">Montana</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Blackfeet</li> <li>Crow</li> <li>Fort Belknap</li> <li>Fort Peck</li> <li>Jocko</li> <li>Northern Cheyenne</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Nebraska</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Niobrara</li> <li>Omaha</li> <li>Ponca</li> <li>Sioux (additional)</li> <li>Winnebago</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Nevada</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Duck Valley</li> <li>Moapa River</li> <li>Pyramid Lake</li> <li>Walker River</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">New Mexico</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Jicarilla Apache</li> <li>Mescalero Apache</li> <li>Pueblos (20 reserves)</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">New York</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Allegany</li> <li>Cattaraugus</li> <li>Oil Spring</li> <li>Oneida</li> <li>Onondaga</li> <li>St. Regis</li> <li>Tonawanda</li> <li>Tuscarora</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">North Carolina</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Qualla Boundary (Cherokee)</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">North Dakota</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Devil's Lake</li> <li>Fort Berthold</li> <li>Standing Rock</li> <li>Turtle Mountain</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Oklahoma</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Cherokee</li> <li>Cheyenne and Arapahoe</li> <li>Chickasaw</li> <li>Chocktaw</li> <li>Creek</li> <li>Iowa</li> <li>Kansa or Kaw</li> <li>Kickapoo</li> <li>Kiowa and Comanche</li> <li>Modoc</li> <li>Oakland</li> <li>Osage</li> <li>Otoe</li> <li>Ottawa</li> <li>Pawnee</li> <li>Peoria</li> <li>Ponca</li> <li>Potawatomie</li> <li>Quapaw</li> <li>Sauk and Fox</li> <li>Seminole</li> <li>Seneca</li> <li>Shawnee</li> <li>Wichita</li> <li>Wyandot</li> </ul> <div class="microspace"><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></SPAN></span></div> <div class="sc2">Oregon</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Grande Ronde</li> <li>Klamath</li> <li>Siletz</li> <li>Umatilla</li> <li>Warm Springs</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">South Dakota</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Crow Creek and Old Winnebago</li> <li>Lake Traverse</li> <li>Cheyenne River</li> <li>Lower Brule</li> <li>Pine Ridge</li> <li>Rosebud</li> <li>Yankton</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Utah</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Uintah Valley</li> <li>Uncompahgre</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Washington</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Chehalis</li> <li>Columbia</li> <li>Colville</li> <li>Hoh River</li> <li>Lummi</li> <li>Makah</li> <li>Muckleshoot</li> <li>Nisqually</li> <li>Ozette</li> <li>Fort Madison</li> <li>Puyallup</li> <li>Quileute</li> <li>Quinaiette</li> <li>Shoalwater</li> <li>Skokomish</li> <li>Snohomish or Tulalip</li> <li>Spokan</li> <li>Squaxon Island</li> <li>Swinomish</li> <li>Yakima</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Wisconsin</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Lac Court Oreille</li> <li>Lac du Flambeau</li> <li>La Pointe</li> <li>Red Cliff</li> <li>Menominee</li> <li>Oneida</li> <li>Stockbridge</li> </ul> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="sc2">Wyoming</div> <ul class="none"> <li>Wind River</li> </ul> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="image"><ANTIMG src="images/i186.png" width-obs="125" height-obs="123" alt="" title="" /></div> <h5 style="margin-top: .5em; font-size: 95%;">THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS<br/> GARDEN CITY, N. Y.</h5> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="tnote"> <h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> <div class="center">The following typographical errors have been corrected:</div> <br/> <br/> Page <SPAN href="#cooperating">85</SPAN>: "cooperating" changed to "co&ouml;perating." (co&ouml;perating intelligently in the effort)<br/> <br/> Page <SPAN href="#world">130</SPAN>: A period was added to the sentence ending in "the greatest all-round athlete in the world."<br/> <br/> Page <SPAN href="#southwest">152</SPAN>: "southwest" changed to "Southwest." (the women of the Southwest)</div> <div class="minispace">&nbsp;</div> <div class="microspace">&nbsp;</div> <div style="break-after:column;"></div><br />