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Adventures of a Grain of Dust

<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> (MAY) <blockquote>It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world as these lowly organized creatures. —Darwin: "The Formation of Vegetable Mould.." </blockquote> <h3>WHAT THE EARTH OWES TO THE EARTHWORM</h3> Suppose father had a hired hand who would plough his fields, fertilize them at his own expense, build his own house, board himself, and for all this ask only the privilege of living on the place, studying Botany, Geology, and[Pg 76] Geometry, and enjoying the scenery. "Where can I get a man like that?" I imagine father saying. "You've got him now," you might reply. "He's already working for you—thousands of him, and has been working for you—millions of him—for thousands and millions of years." We have all known him well from boyhood by several names—angleworm, fishworm, earthworm. He also, as you will find in the dictionary, has a nice long Latin title. And it is particularly fitting that his name should be so associated with antiquity, since he belongs to one of the oldest families in the world; a family far older than the Roman Empire itself, which his people long ago helped grind back into the dust from which it came. And, speaking of Romans, every few years Mr. Earthworm does what Julius Cæsar did, captures the whole of England—all the best parts of it—and then, unlike Cæsar, gives it back to the English, made over again, better than it was before, as you will see. <h4>I. The Cities of Worms</h4> If you happen to be a high school boy you, of course, know about a certain city of Worms and what great things took place there once upon a time, but there are many cities of worms on any good farm, and each has more inhabitants than the famous city of Worms of history—something like 25,000 to the acre; and, in garden soil, 50,000! [Pg 77] <div class="figcenter"><div class="figborder"> <ANTIMG src="images/i089.jpg" alt="" /> ANOTHER "CATHEDRAL OF WORMS" In the story of the Reformation in your history you will read of a certain Cathedral of Worms and what took place there once upon a time. Here is a "cathedral of worms" as interesting to the student of nature as that famous edifice is to the historian and the architect. It is the tower-like casting of a big earthworm and was found in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta. The picture is "life-size." </div> </div> Did you ever notice how big boulders in a field are frequently sunk into the ground as if dropped from a great height? It is the earthworms that help sink them in the course of their soil-making. They like the moist shelter of the stones and burrow under them. Finally the weight[Pg 78] of the stones crushes the burrows, and so the stones sink down. <h5>PIONEER LIFE AMONG THE EARTHWORMS</h5> Poor soil, as every boy knows, is a poor place to look for fishworms. But you have noticed that the mounds the worm throws up on such soil are larger than those on rich soil. The reason is that the soil, being less nutritious, the worm must eat more of it and, in so doing, pulverizes and fertilizes it. But a menu of earth alone not being to the earthworm's liking, undesirable regions have fewer of these farmers working underground; and this, for the same reason that these regions are sparsely settled on the surface—it is so hard to make a living. So the earthworms may be said to have a decided taste in landscape. They don't care for desert scenery like Gerome's picture of the lion's big front yard,[9] but they are very fond of orchards where the soil is rich and leaves are plenty. The pathways artists are fond of putting in landscapes would also probably attract the eyes of earthworms—if they had any, for the worms prefer soil a little packed, as it is in pathways, because it makes more substantial burrows. And, singularly enough, the worms also like most the very thing that the artist emphasizes to lead the eye into his picture—the border lines that define the path. It is along the edges of a pathway that you find most worms. [Pg 79] <div class="figborder"> <div> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" summary="illustrations"> <tr> <td> <ANTIMG src="images/i091a.jpg" alt="" /> </td> <td> <ANTIMG src="images/i091b.jpg" alt="" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Painted by F. O. Sylvester. </td> <td> Painted by Westman. </td> </tr> </table></div> THE EARTHWORM'S TASTE IN SCENERY Two features common to both these pictures—the trees and the pathways—appeal to earthworms as well as artists, for reasons you have learned in this chapter. </div> The earthworm, in addition to working over and fertilizing the soil already made, actually helps make soil out of rock. He does this in two ways: (1) With acids—for, like the Little Old Man of the Rock, he is a chemist; (2) by grinding up rock in a little mill he always carries with him. <h5>HOW THE EARTHWORM COOKS HIS MEALS</h5> The earthworm's favorite diet is leaves and he has a way of cooking them. It is not quite like our way of cooking beet or dandelion leaves, but it answers the same purpose—it partially digests them. In glands, in his "mouth,"[Pg 80] he secretes a fluid which, like our saliva, contains an alkali. But the earthworm's alkaline solution is much stronger, and when he covers a fresh green leaf with it—as he is usually obliged to do in Summer when there are so few stale vegetables, the kind he prefers, in his market—the leaf quickly turns brown and becomes as soft as a boiled cabbage. Of course, there are always dead leaves in the woods, and these, which even the cow with her fine digestive outfit cannot handle, are a delight to the earthworm; for he also has a much larger supply of pancreatic juice than the higher animals, and this takes care of the leaves after he has swallowed them. He swallows bit by bit; just like a nice little boy who has been taught not to bolt his food. The acids in the earthworm's "stomach," acting on the leaves, help make other acids which remain in the soil after it has passed through the earthworm's body and help dissolve those fine grains of sand which make your bare feet so gritty when mud dries on them. And, not only that, but this coating of soil lying upon the bed rock hastens its decay; for the earthworm's burrow runs down four to six feet, sometimes farther. Besides the soil he thus grinds up and fertilizes so well with leaf-mould—what your text-book on agriculture calls "humus"—the earthworm does a lot of useful grinding in connection with the building of his house. He begins, as we do, by digging the cellar; but there he stops, for his house is all cellar! He makes it in two ways: (1) By pushing aside the earth as he advances; (2) by swallowing earth and passing it through his body, thus making the little mounds you see on the surface. [Pg 81] <h5>THE EARTHWORM SYSTEM AT PANAMA</h5> A principle similar to his swallowing operations is frequently employed in engineering; as in making the Panama Canal, where dredging machinery dug out swamps and pumped the mud through a tube into other swamps to fill them up and help get rid of the mosquitoes. In pushing the earth away the worm uses the principle of the wedge, stretching out his "nose"—as you have often seen him do when crawling—and poking it into the crevices in the ground; much as the wheat roots poke their little noses through the fertile soil the earthworm makes. And, as in human engineering and the work of the ant, the earthworm doesn't throw the dirt around carelessly. He casts it out, first on one side and then on the other; using his tail to spread it about neatly. <h5>THE TILING IN THE EARTHWORM'S HOUSE</h5> The walls of the earthworm's house are plastered, too. At first they are made a little larger than his body. Then he coats them with earth, ground very fine, like the clay for making our cups and saucers, and for making the beautiful white tiling on the walls at the stations of a city subway. When this earthworm "porcelain" dries it forms a lining, hard and smooth, which keeps the earthworm's tender body from being scratched as he moves up and down his long hallway. It also enables him to travel faster because it is smooth, and it strengthens the walls. The burrows which run far down into the ground, as all finally do toward Autumn, end in a little chamber. Into this tiny bedroom the worm retires during the hot, dry days of August and there he spends the Winter—usually with several companions, all sound asleep, packed together[Pg 82] for warmth. <h5>AND RUGS ON THE FLOORS!</h5> Sometimes the Summer and Winter residences are quite ambitious, several burrows opening into one large chamber and each tunnel having two, sometimes three, chambers of its own—like a fashionable apartment with its main reception-room, and still more like the central sitting-rooms in Greek and Roman palaces. And the earthworm seems even to have some idea of mosaics, for it is the general practice to pave these chambers with little pebbles about the size of a mustard-seed. This is to help keep the worm's body from the cold ground. In addition to the mosaic floors the earthworms have rugs with lovely leaf patterns like the Oriental rugs that are so highly prized; and, as in the case of genuine Oriental rugs, no two patterns are alike. These rugs are leaves which the earthworm drags into his burrow, not for food but for house furnishing. When used for house furnishing they are placed in the entrance-hall; that is to say, they are used to coat the mouth of the burrow to prevent the worm's body from coming in contact with the ground. The mouth of the burrow, of course, is just where it is coldest at night in the Summer, the time of year when the earthworm spends a great deal of his time in the front of his house. The surface of the earth, you know, cools very rapidly after sunset and the dew on the grass in the morning is so cold it makes your bare feet ache. The worm requires damp earth around him because he breathes through his skin and must keep it moist, but at the same time he is sensitive to cold. And to drafts. Ugh! [Pg 83] <h5>PEBBLE-FORT DEFENSES AGAINST THE FOE</h5> So he is very careful to keep the front door closed. This he does by stopping it up with leaves, leaf stems, and sticks. He also protects the door with little heaps of smooth round pebbles; but these pebbles are of a larger size than those he uses for paving the floor of his chamber. Besides helping to keep out drafts these pebbles serve another purpose. As our ancestors, the cave-builders, barred the door with boulders to keep out bears and other unwelcome callers, so the earthworms are protected by the pebbles, to a certain extent, from one of their enemies—the thousand-legged worm. Because of these little forts, the earthworms can remain with more safety near the doorway and enjoy the warmth of the morning sun. (So we might have reproduced Corot's "Morning" as a kind of landscape the earthworm enjoys!) <h4>II. The Mind of the Earthworm</h4> From all of which you can see the earthworm, for what small schooling he gets, is a very bright boy! If we were as bright, according to our opportunities, we would probably have answered long ago such puzzles as the question whether there is really anybody at home in Mars, how to keep stored eggs from tasting of the shell, and other great scientific problems of our day. <h5>WHERE MR. EARTHWORM KEEPS HIS BRAIN</h5> Just as we have little brains in the tips of our fingers, the earthworms have brains in the ends of their "noses." They have neither eyes nor ears, but, like that wonderful girl, Helen Keller, they make up for the lack of these senses,[Pg 84] to a remarkable degree, by the development of the sense of touch. They acquire quite a little knowledge of Botany, for example. They not only know that leaves are good to eat, but they know which is the "petiole" and which is the "base." They always drag leaves into their burrows by the smallest ends, because this makes it easier to get them through the door. And it is not by mere instinct that they do this. Supply worms with leaves of different form from those which grow in the region where they live, and they will experiment with them until they find just the best way in which to pull them into the burrows. After that they will always take hold of them so, without further experiment. That is the majority of them will do this; for earthworms are like other little people—all of them are not equally ambitious or studious. And the earthworm also knows something about Geometry. Cut paper into little triangles of various shapes and pretend to the worms that they are leaves by scattering them near the mouths of the burrows. Then remove the leaves with which the burrows are stopped. The worms will pull in the slips to close the door and they will—most of them—take hold by the apex of the triangle because that is the narrowest point. <h5>THE EARTHWORM'S TASTE IN MUSIC</h5> So you see the earthworm is a very cultivated country gentleman with his knowledge of Botany and Geometry, and his taste for landscape. But this is not all. He also has opinions about music. There are certain notes that apparently get on his nerves. Put worms in good soil in a flower-pot, and some evening when they are lying outside[Pg 85] their burrows set the pot on the piano and strike the note C in the bass clef. Instantly they will pull themselves into their burrows. They will do the same thing at the sound of G above the line in the treble clef. Although they cannot hear, they are sensitive to vibrations, and these are carried from the sounding-board of the piano into the pot. They are less sensitive when the pot itself is tapped. The music seems to go right through them. [Pg 86] <h5>WHY THE EARLY BIRD GETS THE WORM</h5> Except in rainy weather worms ordinarily come out of their burrows only at night. By early morning they have withdrawn into their holes and lie with their noses close to the surface to get the warmth of the morning sun. Then the early bird gets them! The reason a robin cocks his head in such a funny way—like a lord with a monocle—just before he captures a worm, is not because he is listening, as many people think; for the worm isn't saying a word and he isn't moving, and wouldn't make a bit of noise if he did move. The robin's eyes are on each side of his head and not in the middle of his face like ours, so he must turn his head in order to bring his eye in line with the hole where he sees the tip of Mr. Earthworm's nose. <div class="figcenter"><div class="figborder"> <ANTIMG src="images/i097a.jpg" alt="" /> THREE EARLY BIRDS. FIND THE THIRD Don't they look happy—these two tow-heads? They are evidently going fishing in the early morning. Another early bird—several of him—that we are saying a good deal about in these pages is to be found in the can. Still another, the one at the bottom of the page, is taking advantage of the earthworm's family habit of warming his "nose" in the early sun rays. </div> </div> <div class="figcenter"><div class="figborder"> <ANTIMG src="images/i097b.jpg" alt=""/></div> </div> And many people also believe that earthworms come down with the rain. Even park policemen believe it. At least, one said to me, in Central Park: "In dhry spells ye won't see wan. But let there come a little shower an' th' walks and the dhrives will be covered wid them; like the fairy stones that fall wid the rain in the ould counthry." <h5>DO EARTHWORMS COME DOWN WITH THE RAIN?</h5> The reason you see so many worms after a rain is that earthworms like moisture, and the rain seems to make them feel particularly good and breed a spirit of adventure. So out of their holes and away they go! A rain is their shower-bath; and you know how a shower-bath makes you feel. The mornings when the earthworms are apt to be thickest[Pg 87] are those following a comparatively light rain in early Spring when the worms have recently awakened from their long Winter nap. With the beginning of the rainy season in the Fall, the worms also do a good deal of travelling into foreign lands, but in both Spring and Fall you will usually find more worms after a light shower than after a long, heavy downpour. If the worms were drowned out it would be the other way around, don't you see? To be sure, you will often find dead worms in shallow pools by the roadside; particularly after Autumn rains. These are sick worms and the chill was too much for them. But it's remarkable how low a temperature a good husky angleworm can stand. A professor in the University of Chicago, near which I live, tells me he has often found the ground in the neighboring park covered with worms after November rains when his hands, and those of the students who were helping him gather them for study, were numb with the cold. And how much work do you suppose these farmers do in grinding up and fertilizing the soil? In many parts of England the whole of the best land—the vegetable mould—passes through their bodies every few years, and they are doing similar work all over the world. They not only fertilize the earth by mixing it with the leaves they eat and those that decay in their burrows, but their castings help to bury fallen leaves and twigs and dead insects, and they also bring up lower soil to the surface, thus increasing its fertility. And by loosening the soil they let in more air. Remember that roots, like people, must have air. [Pg 88] <h4>III. The Mill of the Earthworm</h4> For the grinding up of the earth and the leaves, the earthworm has, as I have already said, a little mill that he always carries with him. Do you know what a gold mill is? Well, a gold mill is a mill that grinds up rock and so grinds out the gold. The earthworm's mill, in a manner of speaking, also grinds out gold, for it grinds the little particles of stone in the soil, and this soil grows fields of golden grain. The earthworm's mill is his gizzard. This gizzard is made and works very much like the gizzard of the chicken. And like the chicken the earthworm swallows little stones to help his digestion. So these stones, too, are ground into soil. Like the chicken's gizzard the gizzard of the earthworm is lined with a thick, tough membrane, and it has muscles—such muscles! There are two sets of these muscles and they cross each other somewhat like the warp and woof of the cloth in your clothes. The muscles that run lengthwise are not so very strong, for all they have to do is to help the earthworm swallow, but the muscles that run around the gizzard are wonderfully strong. They are about ten times as thick as the other muscles. One of Mr. Earthworm's French biographers[10] calls these muscles "veritable armatures"; that is, freely translated, "veritable hoops of steel." I said, in the second paragraph above this, that worms swallow grains of sand and stones to help their digestions,[Pg 89] as chickens do. But the earthworm saves time, for he takes the stones with his meals; just as some Englishmen, fat old squires, when they get along in years, or for any other reason are a little weak in their digestive regions—keep pepsin on the table with the pepper and salt. And—believe it or not—the earthworm actually makes his own millstones sometimes! The chalk in the chalky fluid of the glands that help him digest his meals frequently hardens into little grains in grinding the food. It's almost as if the saliva in our mouths, in addition to acting directly on the food, also made a new set of teeth for us! Suppose we had a stomach like the earthworm, wouldn't it be fun? We could digest the biggest dinners at Thanksgiving and Christmas and picnics and birthdays. We could even eat apples without waiting for them to get quite ripe. Haven't you done it to your sorrow? And no stomachache and no mince-pie nightmares! <h5>WHY THE EARTHWORM NEVER HAS NIGHTMARES</h5> By the way, the earthworm, although he has his troubles like the rest of us, never has nightmares. For one thing he has that stomach[11] and—a still better reason, perhaps—he never sleeps at night. Like the moths and the bats and the burglars and members of Parliament, he makes night his busy day. And, in other ways, while he is so much like the rest of us worms of the dust, his life differs from that of most people. For instance, he not only works by night while[Pg 90] we work by day, and works underground while we work on top, but he takes his vacation in the Winter while we take ours in Summer. In that respect Mr. Earthworm is like the millionaires at Palm Beach; for in Winter he, too, goes in the direction we call south on the map—that is to say down. But, as you say, it takes all kinds of people to make a world; including earthworms and millionaires! HIDE AND SEEK IN THE LIBRARY <blockquote>Who was that in Mother Goose that went a-fishing "for to catch a whale"? Anyhow, there are fishworms so big that one might suppose they were made for catching whales. How long do you suppose they are, these big fishworms? A foot? Pshaw! We have fishworms of our own a foot long. Two feet? More. Three feet? More. You look it up in the article on the earthworm in the "Britannica." And how many kinds of earthworms do you suppose there are? You will be surprised to learn. Also, you will find that the earthworms have relatives who live in the water all the time. The article in the "International" tells why these modest neighbors of ours don't come to the surface in the daytime. That will be an interesting thing to know. Don't you think so? And did you ever count an earthworm's rings? Other scientists have. (All live boys and girls are scientists; they want to know.) Try counting the rings of an earthworm and then compare your figures with those given in the article in the "International." How many hearts do you suppose an earthworm has? You will find in the "International's" article they have a good many of what are sometimes called "hearts," and how different the earthworm's circulation system is from ours. Does our saliva do for us anything like what it does for the earthworm; and our pancreatic juice? Compare the earthworm's method of digging his subway with that of the armadillo. How do they differ in the way of using their[Pg 91] noses? Do you know how men dig subways; like those under New York City and Boston, for instance? Books that tell about this phase of human engineering and tell it in a very interesting way are "On the Battle-front of Engineering" ("New York's Culebra Cut") and "Romance of Modern Engineering" ("City Railways"), "Travelers and Traveling" ("How Elevated Roads and Subways Are Built"). Speaking of the earthworm's wedge and how he uses it, do you know that all of man's complicated machinery is the result of only a few simple mechanical principles combined; and that the wedge is one of the most important? Look up "wedge," "machine," "simple machine," etc., in the dictionary or encyclopædia. How does the earthworm's method of pushing his way in the world with the end of his nose compare with the way a root works along in the ground? (See Chapter X.) The earthworm's neat way of disposing of the dirt he casts out reminds me of how the beaver handles dirt when he builds a canal, and the way of the ants in digging their underground homes. (Chapters VI and VIII.) We have little brains in our finger-tips just as the earthworm has on the end of his nose. How much do you know about the little brains scattered through our bodies (Ganglia)? You see the simple earthworm is the A, B, C of a lot of things; and even Mr. Darwin's famous book doesn't contain all there is to be learned about him in books and in personal interviews with Mr. Earthworm himself. A farm boy to whom the writer read the story of the earthworm, when asked how he thought the worm could turn in his burrow when it fits him so closely, said, "Why, he turns around in that little room at the end of the hall," thereby solving, as I think, a problem that puzzled Mr. Darwin, and which he left unsolved. </blockquote> <hr style="width: 65%;" />[Pg 92] <div class="figcenter"><div class="figborder"> <ANTIMG src="images/i104.jpg" alt="" /> SINFUL TACTICS OF A SACRED BEETLE The beetle pushing backward is the owner of the ball and is on his way—as he thinks—to his burrow. The other is altering the direction toward his own burrow. Fabre's book on the Sacred Beetle—the tumblebug of our fields and roadways—tells how the thing came out. </div> </div> <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <div style="break-after:column;"></div>

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