<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0em"><SPAN name="two"></SPAN> <span class="part">Part Two</span> Daily Life at Jamestown 300 Years Ago As Revealed by Recovered Objects </h1>
<div class="part-author">By <span class="author">J. Paul Hudson</span></div>
<div class="part-author-position">Museum Curator, Colonial National Historical Park</div>
<div class="epigraph">
“Hitherto they [historians] have depended too much upon manuscript
evidences... Perhaps the day is not distant when the social historian,
whether he is writing about the New England Puritans, or the
Pennsylvania Germans, or the rice planters of Southern Carolina, will
look underground, as well as in the archives, for his evidence.”<span class="epigraph-attrib">—Dr.
T.J. Wertenbaker</span></div>
<p class="dropcap">
<span class="dropcap">A</span><span class="first-phrase">rcheological explorations</span> at Jamestown, Va.—site of the first
successful English colony in the New World—have brought to light
thousands of colonial period artifacts which were used by the Virginia
settlers from 1607 until 1699.</p>
<p>A study of these ancient objects, which were buried under the soil at
Jamestown for many decades, reveal in many ways how the English
colonists lived on a small wilderness island over 300 years ago.
Artifacts unearthed include pottery and glassware, clay pipes, building
materials and handwrought hardware, tools and farm implements, weapons,
kitchen utensils and fireplace accessories, furniture hardware, lighting
devices, eating and drinking vessels, tableware, costume accessories and
footwear, medical equipment, horse gear, coins and weights, and many
items relating to household and town industries, transportation, trade,
and fishing.</p>
<p>These artifacts provide invaluable information concerning the everyday
life and manners of the first Virginia settlers. A brief description of
many of them is given on the following pages.</p>
<p>Excavated artifacts reveal that the Jamestown colonists built their
houses in the same style as those they knew in England, insofar as local
materials permitted. There were differences, however, for they were in a
land replete with vast forests and untapped natural resources close at
hand which they used to advantage. The Virginia known to the first
settlers was a carpenter’s paradise, and consequently the early
buildings were the work of artisans in wood. The first rude shelters,
the split-wood fencing, the clapboard roof, puncheon floors, cupboards,
benches, stools, and wood plows are all examples of skilled working with
wood.</p>
<h2><SPAN name="houses"></SPAN>Houses</h2>
<p>Timber at Jamestown was plentiful, so many houses, especially in the
early years, were of frame construction. During the first decade or two,
house construction reflected a primitive use found ready at hand, such
as saplings for a sort of framing, and use of branches, leafage, bark,
and animal skins. During these early years—when the settlers were
having such a difficult time staying alive—mud walls, wattle and daub,
and coarse marshgrass thatch were used. Out of these years of
improvising, construction with squared posts, and later with quarterings
(studs), came into practice. There was probably little thought of
plastering walls during the first two decades, and when plastering was
adopted, clay, or clay mixed with oyster-shell lime, was first used. The
early floors were of clay, and such floors continued to be used in the
humbler dwellings throughout the 1600’s. It can be assumed that most of
the dwellings, or shelters, of the Jamestown settlers, certainly until
about 1630, had a rough and primitive appearance.</p>
<p>After Jamestown had attained some degree of permanency, many houses were
built of brick. It is quite clear from documentary records and
archeological remains, that the colonists not only made their own
brick, but that the process, as well as the finished products, followed
closely the English method. Four brick kilns were discovered on
Jamestown Island during archeological explorations.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box017"><SPAN href="images/017.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/017s.jpg" title="An early Jamestown house. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)" alt="[Illustration: An early Jamestown house. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)]" width-obs="447" height-obs="224" /></SPAN><div class="caption">An early Jamestown house. <span class="by">(Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)</span></div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box018"><SPAN href="images/018.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/018s.jpg" title="A brick house at Jamestown, about 1640. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)" alt="[Illustration: A brick house at Jamestown, about 1640. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)]" width-obs="438" height-obs="267" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A brick house at Jamestown, about 1640. <span class="by">(Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)</span></div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box019"><SPAN href="images/019.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/019s.jpg" title="The majority of the locks and keys used in the early houses were imported from England." alt="[Illustration: The majority of the locks and keys used in the early houses were imported from England.]" width-obs="438" height-obs="401" /></SPAN><div class="caption">The majority of the locks and keys used in the early houses were imported from England.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box020"><SPAN href="images/020.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/020s.jpg" title="A few 17th-century handwrought hinges in the Jamestown collection." alt="[Illustration: A few 17th-century handwrought hinges in the Jamestown collection.]" width-obs="546" height-obs="456" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few 17th-century handwrought hinges in the Jamestown collection.</div>
</div>
<h3><SPAN name="building_hardware"></SPAN>Building Hardware</h3>
<p>While some of the handwrought hardware found at Jamestown was made in
the colony, most of it was imported from England. Types of building
hardware unearthed include an excellent assortment of nails, spikes,
staples, locks, keys, hinges, pintles, shutter fasteners, bolts, hasps,
latches, door knockers, door pulls, footscrapers, gutter supports, wall
anchors, and ornamental hardware. In many instances each type is
represented by several varieties. Citing 2 examples, there are more
than 20 kinds of nails and at least 15 different kinds of hinges in
the collection.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box021"><SPAN href="images/021.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/021s.jpg" title="Some nails, spikes, staples, and other iron hardware used at Jamestown over 300 years ago." alt="[Illustration: Some nails, spikes, staples, and other iron hardware used at Jamestown over 300 years ago.]" width-obs="437" height-obs="329" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Some nails, spikes, staples, and other iron hardware used at Jamestown over 300 years ago.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box022"><SPAN href="images/022.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/022s.jpg" title="Some Jamestown houses had leaded glazed wrought-iron window casements similar to the ones shown here. (Courtesy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.)" alt="[Illustration: Some Jamestown houses had leaded glazed wrought-iron window casements similar to the ones shown here. (Courtesy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.)]" width-obs="433" height-obs="308" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Some Jamestown houses had leaded glazed wrought-iron window casements similar to the ones shown here. <span class="by">(Courtesy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.)</span></div>
</div>
<p>It is believed that wooden hardware was used on many of the early
houses.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="windows"></SPAN>Windows</h3>
<p>A few glass window panes may have been made in the Jamestown glass
factory which was built in 1608. Most of the window glass used in the
colony, however, was shipped from England. Many of the early panes used
were diamond-shaped (known as “quarrels”), and were held in place by
means of slotted lead strips (known as “cames”). The window frames used
in a few of the Jamestown houses were handwrought iron casements. Most
of the humbler dwellings had no glass panes in the windows. The window
openings were closed by batten shutters, operated by hinges of wood and
fitted with wooden fastening devices.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="wall_and_fireplace_tile"></SPAN>Wall and Fireplace Tile</h3>
<p>Most of the hand-painted tiles used at Jamestown (for decorating walls
and fireplaces) were imported from Holland. A few were made in England.
Made of a light-buff clay, and known as delftware, the tiles unearthed
are decorated in blue, with a conventionalized design in each corner and
a central picture or motif. Covered with a tin glaze, the majority of
tiles found measure about 5 inches square by <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>-inch thick. The edges
are beveled, permitting them to be set very close together at the glazed
surface. The attractively decorated tiles added a touch of beauty to a
few Jamestown interiors.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="roofing_materials"></SPAN>Roofing Materials</h3>
<p>Four kinds of roofing materials have been excavated: Plain, flat,
earthenware tiles; curved earthenware pantiles; slate; and wooden
shingles. The plain tiles were made in Jamestown brick kilns, and it is
possible that some of the S-curved red pantiles were also made locally.
Slate was brought over from England, whereas most of the shingles were
rived from native cedar and oak logs. Other materials used in roofing
included bark, marshgrass and reeds (thatch), and boards. Sod appears to
have been used on some of the very early houses.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="lime"></SPAN>Lime</h3>
<p>Lime for mortar, plaster, and ornamental plaster was made in crude lime
kilns at Jamestown from calcined oyster shells. The oyster shells came
from the James River.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box023"><SPAN href="images/023.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/023s.jpg" title="A wrought-iron window casement unearthed near an early 17th-century building site." alt="[Illustration: A wrought-iron window casement unearthed near an early 17th-century building site.]" width-obs="504" height-obs="735" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A wrought-iron window casement unearthed near an early 17th-century building site.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box024"><SPAN href="images/024.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/024s.jpg" title="Wall or fireplace tiles found at Jamestown which were made in Holland. The blue designs and pictures were painted on a white background." alt="[Illustration: Wall or fireplace tiles found at Jamestown which were made in Holland. The blue designs and pictures were painted on a white background.]" width-obs="428" height-obs="386" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Wall or fireplace tiles found at Jamestown which were made in Holland. The blue designs and pictures were painted on a white background.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box025"><SPAN href="images/025.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/025s.jpg" title="Kinds of roofing materials excavated include flat tiles (shown here), curved pantiles, slate, and shingles." alt="[Illustration: Kinds of roofing materials excavated include flat tiles (shown here), curved pantiles, slate, and shingles.]" width-obs="435" height-obs="320" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Kinds of roofing materials excavated include flat tiles (shown here), curved pantiles, slate, and shingles.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box026"><SPAN href="images/026.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/026s.jpg" title="Ornamental plaster was used in a few buildings for enhancing the beauty of both the interior and exterior." alt="[Illustration: Ornamental plaster was used in a few buildings for enhancing the beauty of both the interior and exterior.]" width-obs="532" height-obs="400" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Ornamental plaster was used in a few buildings for enhancing the beauty of both the interior and exterior.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box027"><SPAN href="images/027.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/027s.jpg" title="The interior of a small Jamestown house, about 1650. Although the painting is conjectural, many items shown—pottery, glassware, fireplace tools, and kitchen accessories—were unearthed on this historic island. (Painting by Sidney E. King.)]" alt="[Illustration: The interior of a small Jamestown house, about 1650. Although the painting is conjectural, many items shown—pottery, glassware, fireplace tools, and kitchen accessories—were unearthed on this historic island. (Painting by Sidney E. King.)]]" width-obs="541" height-obs="292" /></SPAN><div class="caption">The interior of a small Jamestown house, about 1650. Although the painting is conjectural, many items shown—pottery, glassware, fireplace tools, and kitchen accessories—were unearthed on this historic island. <span class="by">(Painting by Sidney E. King.)]</span></div>
</div>
<h3><SPAN name="plaster_and_mortar"></SPAN>Plaster and Mortar</h3>
<p>Plaster and mortar have been found at Jamestown in abundance. It appears
that the majority of brick houses and many frame structures had
plastered walls and ceilings after 1635. Some plaster found had been
whitewashed, while other plaster bore its natural whitish-gray color.
Mortar was found wherever brick foundations were located. The plaster
and mortar used at Jamestown was made from oystershell lime, sand, and
clay.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="ornamental_plasterwork"></SPAN>Ornamental Plasterwork</h3>
<p>Ornamental plaster was found in a few of the excavations. The
plasterwork was done in raised ornamental designs used for enhancing the
beauty of both the interior and exterior of a building. Designs that
have been found include Roman numerals, letters, mottos, crests, veined
leaves, rosettes, flowers, geometric designs, a lion, and a face or
mask. Many fragments of molded plaster cornices have also been
excavated. Broken oyster shells are distinguishable in the decorated
plasterwork, indicating that the pargeting was done at Jamestown.</p>
<h2><SPAN name="house_furnishings" name="house_furnishings"></SPAN>House Furnishings</h2>
<p>Busy conquering a stubborn wilderness, the first Jamestown settlers had
only a few things to make their houses cosy and cheerful. In most cases,
their worldly goods consisted of a few cooking utensils, a change of
clothing, a weapon or two, and a few pieces of homemade furniture.
However, between 1607 and 1612, George Percy was generously outfitted
with some necessities as well as much fine apparel and numerous luxury
items (including a feather bed) by his brother the Ninth Earl of
Northumberland, as published records of the Earl’s expenditures for
George show. Other persons of gentle birth and position quite probably
enjoyed similar goods.</p>
<p>After the early years of hardship had passed, the colonists began to
acquire possessions for a more pleasant living; and by 1650 the better
houses were equipped with most of the necessities of life of those
times, as well as a few luxuries of comfortable living.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="furniture" name="furniture"></SPAN>Furniture</h3>
<p>Very little furniture was brought over from England during the early
years of the colony. Perhaps a few chests and Bible boxes were imported,
but most of the large pieces of furniture, such as tables, chairs,
bedsteads, chests-of-drawers, cupboards, benches, and cradles would
have been made in Virginia. Woods commonly used included pine, cedar,
walnut, maple, and oak.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box028"><SPAN href="images/028.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/028s.jpg" title="Furniture hardware and accessories found. Much of the furniture used in the Jamestown houses was made in Virginia." alt="[Illustration: Furniture hardware and accessories found. Much of the furniture used in the Jamestown houses was made in Virginia.]" width-obs="529" height-obs="418" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Furniture hardware and accessories found. Much of the furniture used in the Jamestown houses was made in Virginia.</div>
</div>
<p>Furniture hardware and accessories excavated at Jamestown include
hinges, locks, drawer pulls, chest handles, escutcheon plates,
upholstering tacks, hasps, and finials. Most of the furniture hardware
is of brass (probably used after 1650). Since much of it is skillfully
decorated, it is believed that it once was attached to furniture of high
quality. Furniture used during the first two decades of the settlement,
however, must have been simple with little or no ornamentation.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="lighting_devices" name="lighting_devices"></SPAN>Lighting Devices</h3>
<p>The candle, made of either tallow or bayberry wax, was the standard
lighting device at Jamestown. Pine torches were often used out of doors,
and rushlights and candlewood were undoubtedly used in the humbler
dwellings during the very early years of the settlement. Candlesticks
unearthed at Jamestown include a large brass pricket holder, one made of
English sgraffito-ware, several incomplete earthenware holders, and
parts of delftware candlesticks. Many fragments of brass and iron
candlesticks, as well as a few candle snuffers, have also been
recovered.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box029"><SPAN href="images/029.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/029s.jpg" title="Both brass and pottery candlesticks have been found. The candle was the standard lighting device during the 17th century." alt="[Illustration: Both brass and pottery candlesticks have been found. The candle was the standard lighting device during the 17th century.]" width-obs="435" height-obs="490" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Both brass and pottery candlesticks have been found. The candle was the standard lighting device during the 17th century.</div>
</div>
<h3><SPAN name="fireplace_accessories" name="fireplace_accessories"></SPAN>Fireplace Accessories</h3>
<p>The fireplace, around which the family gathered, was one of the most
important features in the Jamestown home. Its fire offered warmth in
winter, afforded light at night, and cooked the family meals during the
day. An oven, usually found at the back or at one side of the fireplace,
baked the family bread and other foods. About the fireplace, many home
chores were carried out, including spinning and sewing; and not far from
the glow of the burning logs the children learned their daily lessons
and received their early religious training. Social activities were
enjoyed about the hearth, especially during the long winter evenings;
and when a member of the family was ill, the fireplace and its
accessories were in constant use. The fireplace was the first place
visited by the housewife in the early morning, and was usually the last
place where she performed her household duties late at night.</p>
<p>A fine assortment of fireplace tools and accessories have been found at
Jamestown, including iron tongs, shovels, andirons, parts of brass
warming-pans, and a large fragment from a cast-iron fireback. One early
17th-century andiron recovered is attractively decorated with a cherub’s
head in relief.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box030"><SPAN href="images/030.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/030s.jpg" title="A few fireplace tools unearthed at Jamestown." alt="[Illustration: A few fireplace tools unearthed at Jamestown.]" width-obs="537" height-obs="435" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few fireplace tools unearthed at Jamestown.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box031"><SPAN href="images/031.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/031s.jpg" title="An early 17th-century andiron in the Jamestown collection. Note the cherub’s head near the base." alt="[Illustration: An early 17th-century andiron in the Jamestown collection. Note the cherub’s head near the base.]" width-obs="438" height-obs="722" /></SPAN><div class="caption">An early 17th-century andiron in the Jamestown collection. Note the cherub’s head near the base.</div>
</div>
<h3><SPAN name="cooking_utensils_and_accessories" name="cooking_utensils_and_accessories"></SPAN>Cooking Utensils and Accessories</h3>
<p>A large and varied assortment of cooking utensils and kitchen
accessories have been excavated, including kettles, pots, pans,
skillets, frying pans, toasters, broilers, griddles, skimmers, skewers,
spits, ladles, pothooks, trammels, cranes, trivets, cleavers, knives and
forks, sieves, and colanders. While only a few are complete others are
almost complete or at least easily recognizable.</p>
<p>During the early years of the colony, people in England who planned to
emigrate to Jamestown were advised to bring the following “Household
implements: One Iron Pot, One Kettle, One large frying-pan, One
gridiron, Two skillets, One Spit, Platters, dishes, spoones of wood.”
With the exception of the wooden items, all of the utensils listed have
been excavated.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box032"><SPAN href="images/032.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/032s.jpg" title="An iron pot and pot fragment unearthed at Jamestown—types used during the 17th century." alt="[Illustration: An iron pot and pot fragment unearthed at Jamestown—types used during the 17th century.]" width-obs="250" height-obs="360" /></SPAN><div class="caption">An iron pot and pot fragment unearthed at Jamestown—types used during the 17th century.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box033"><SPAN href="images/033.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/033s.jpg" title="A wrought-iron trammel used for hanging a pot from a fireplace crane. The adjustable hook made it possible to raise or lower the pot." alt="[Illustration: A wrought-iron trammel used for hanging a pot from a fireplace crane. The adjustable hook made it possible to raise or lower the pot.]" width-obs="199" height-obs="550" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A wrought-iron trammel used for hanging a pot from a fireplace crane. The adjustable hook made it possible to raise or lower the pot.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box034"><SPAN href="images/034.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/034s.jpg" title="Many earthenware vessels found were used for cooking purposes, including baking dishes, three-legged pots, and covered pots." alt="[Illustration: Many earthenware vessels found were used for cooking purposes, including baking dishes, three-legged pots, and covered pots.]" width-obs="534" height-obs="338" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Many earthenware vessels found were used for cooking purposes, including baking dishes, three-legged pots, and covered pots.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box035"><SPAN href="images/035.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/035s.jpg" title="A few kitchen utensils and accessories excavated at Jamestown: a ladle, brass pan, knife blades, fork, kettle fragments, spout, colander fragments, and pot hooks." alt="[Illustration: A few kitchen utensils and accessories excavated at Jamestown: a ladle, brass pan, knife blades, fork, kettle fragments, spout, colander fragments, and pot hooks.]" width-obs="545" height-obs="433" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few kitchen utensils and accessories excavated at Jamestown: a ladle, brass pan, knife blades, fork, kettle fragments, spout, colander fragments, and pot hooks.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box036"><SPAN href="images/036.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/036s.jpg" title="A family enjoying a meal, about 1650. Many of the eating and drinking vessels portrayed, together with much of the tableware, are types which have been excavated. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)" alt="[Illustration: A family enjoying a meal, about 1650. Many of the eating and drinking vessels portrayed, together with much of the tableware, are types which have been excavated. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)]" width-obs="896" height-obs="521" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A family enjoying a meal, about 1650. Many of the eating and drinking vessels portrayed, together with much of the tableware, are types which have been excavated. <span class="by">(Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)</span></div>
</div>
<h2><SPAN name="table_accessories" name="table_accessories"></SPAN>Table Accessories</h2>
<p>In the small houses at Jamestown the kitchen also served as the dining
room. During the early years, many settlers probably ate with wooden
spoons out of wooden bowls and trenchers, and drank from mugs made of
horn, wood, or leather. As the colony became well established, these
crude utensils and vessels were used less frequently and were gradually
replaced with ones made of pottery, metalware, and glassware. None of
the perishable woodenware, horn, or leather items have been found at
Jamestown, but a large assortment of more durable objects used at the
table have been recovered. Space permits only brief descriptions of the
more common types unearthed.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="knives_forks_and_spoons" name="knives_forks_and_spoons"></SPAN>Knives, Forks, and Spoons</h3>
<p>The table knives found at Jamestown vary in length from 6<sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub> to 8¼ Ƅ
inches. Most of them have either bone or ivory handles, although 3 have
embossed brass handles; and 1, found in a late 17th-century well, has an
exquisite handle of banded agate.</p>
<p>The forks in the collection also have bone or ivory handles, the
majority displaying 2 steel prongs, or tines. The number of prongs,
however, is no positive identification of any particular period, as many
English forks of the mid-17th century had 3 prongs, and a few had 4
prongs.</p>
<p>Types of spoons excavated include seal-heads, slipped ends, “puritans,”
and trifids. The majority were made of either pewter or latten metal (a
brasslike alloy), although 3 in the collection were made of silver. The
earliest spoons found have rounded bowls and 6-sided stems (handles),
whereas those made after 1650 usually have oval bowls and flat, 4-sided
handles. One of the silver spoons, with rounded bowl and slipped end,
bears the initials of its owner, <sup>WC</sup>/<sub>E</sub>,” on the slipped end of the
handle. This spoon appears to have been made between 1600 and 1625, and
is still in excellent condition.</p>
<!--<table style="display: inline; font-size: 50%; text-align: center"><tr><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1px; border-collapse: collapse">WC</td></tr><tr><td>E</td></tr></table>-->
<p>The most important spoon in the Jamestown collection, and one of the
most significant objects excavated, is an incomplete pewter spoon—a
variant of the trifid, or split-end, type common during the 1650-90
period. Impressed on the handle (in the trefoil finial of the stem) is
the mark of the maker, giving his name, the Virginia town where he
worked, and the year he started business. This is the sole surviving
“touch” or mark of an American pewterer of the 17th century. The
complete legend, encircling a heart, reads: “IOSEPH
COPELAND/1675/CHUCKATUCK.” (Chuckatuck is a small Virginia village in
Nansemond County, about 30 miles southeast of Jamestown.) Joseph
Copeland later moved to Jamestown where he was caretaker of the
statehouse from 1688-91. He may have made pewter in Virginia’s first
capital. His matchless spoon found in the old Jamestown soil is the
oldest dated piece of American-made pewter in existence.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="pottery_and_porcelain" name="pottery_and_porcelain"></SPAN>Pottery and Porcelain</h3>
<p>The largest and most representative collection of 17th-century European
and early American pottery which has been excavated in America is on
exhibition at Jamestown. Thousands of fragments of colorful types have
been found, and by the exercise of extreme care and patience, museum
technicians have pieced together many early specimens. These examples
reveal the kinds of pottery used in the wilderness settlement over three
centuries ago. Included in this ceramic collection are pitchers, bowls,
jugs, cups, mugs, porringers, milk pans, jars, plates and dishes, pots,
and platters. These were used at the table, as well as for the storage
of foods, and for other purposes.</p>
<p>While some of the utilitarian earthenware was made at Jamestown, most of
the pottery that has been found was imported from England. Many types
also came from other European countries, including Germany, Holland,
Italy, Spain, and Portugal. One kind of maiolica may have been made in
Mexico, while the few fragments of porcelain recovered were made in
China.</p>
<p>Because of the great variety and importance of the ceramic collection, a
few of the more representative types will be described briefly.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box037"><SPAN href="images/037.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/037s.jpg" title="A few knives, forks, and spoons unearthed at Jamestown." alt="[Illustration: A few knives, forks, and spoons unearthed at Jamestown.]" width-obs="542" height-obs="247" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few knives, forks, and spoons unearthed at Jamestown.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box038"><SPAN href="images/038.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/038s.jpg" title="The pewter spoon handle at the top, unearthed at Jamestown, is the oldest dated piece of American pewter in existence. It was made by Joseph Copeland of Chuckatuck, Va., in 1675. The spoon on the bottom is a conjectural restoration of Copeland’s specimen." alt="[Illustration: The pewter spoon handle at the top, unearthed at Jamestown, is the oldest dated piece of American pewter in existence. It was made by Joseph Copeland of Chuckatuck, Va., in 1675. The spoon on the bottom is a conjectural restoration of Copeland’s specimen.]" width-obs="434" height-obs="271" /></SPAN><div class="caption">The pewter spoon handle at the top, unearthed at Jamestown, is the oldest dated piece of American pewter in existence. It was made by Joseph Copeland of Chuckatuck, Va., in 1675. The spoon on the bottom is a conjectural restoration of Copeland’s specimen.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box039"><SPAN href="images/039.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/039s.jpg" title="A few examples of lead-glazed earthenware made in England during the 17th century. All were unearthed at Jamestown." alt="[Illustration: A few examples of lead-glazed earthenware made in England during the 17th century. All were unearthed at Jamestown.]" width-obs="546" height-obs="440" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few examples of lead-glazed earthenware made in England during the 17th century. All were unearthed at Jamestown.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box040"><SPAN href="images/040.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/040s.jpg" title="Examples of lead-glazed earthenware made at Jamestown about 1640-50." alt="[Illustration: Examples of lead-glazed earthenware made at Jamestown about 1640-50.]" width-obs="524" height-obs="369" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Examples of lead-glazed earthenware made at Jamestown about 1640-50.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box041"><SPAN href="images/041.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/041s.jpg" title="English sgraffito, or scratched, ware—one of the most colorful types of pottery unearthed at Jamestown." alt="[Illustration: English sgraffito, or scratched, ware—one of the most colorful types of pottery unearthed at Jamestown.]" width-obs="537" height-obs="347" /></SPAN><div class="caption">English sgraffito, or scratched, ware—one of the most colorful types of pottery unearthed at Jamestown.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box042"><SPAN href="images/042.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/042s.jpg" title="English slip-decorated ware. Although made in England mainly for local consumption, many attractive examples were shipped to Virginia during the 17th century." alt="[Illustration: English slip-decorated ware. Although made in England mainly for local consumption, many attractive examples were shipped to Virginia during the 17th century.]" width-obs="529" height-obs="392" /></SPAN><div class="caption">English slip-decorated ware. Although made in England mainly for local consumption, many attractive examples were shipped to Virginia during the 17th century.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="lead-glazed_earthenware" name="lead-glazed_earthenware"></SPAN>Lead-glazed Earthenware.</h4>—Most of these vessels were made for
utilitarian purposes, and were usually glazed only on the inside. While
some were made at Jamestown, the majority were imported from England.
One type, a grit-tempered earthenware, was manufactured in North
Devonshire. Another kind, a hard-fired earthenware, was also made in
England. At least two distinct types of local-made earthenware have been
found, and, as many examples have well-proportioned shapes and
attractive designs, it is evident that they were not fashioned by a
young apprentice, but by a trained potter who took pride in shaping his
wares.</div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="english_sgraffito-ware" name="english_sgraffito-ware"></SPAN>English Sgraffito-ware (a slipware).</h4>—This colorful pottery, beautifully
decorated with incised designs, is an English earthenware of red or buff
clay on which a slip was applied. Before firing, a decoration was
scratched, stippled, or cut through the slip, exposing the darker color
of the body. The entire piece then received a transparent lead glaze,
either clear or covered with an oxide. The English sgraffito-ware found
at Jamestown was made near Barnstaple, in North Devonshire, probably
after 1640. The reddish-brown floral and geometric designs which
decorate the vessels are unusually attractive against colorful yellow
backgrounds. Sgraffito is an Italian word meaning scratched.</div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="english_slip-decorated-ware" name="english_slip-decorated-ware"></SPAN>English Slip-decorated-ware.</h4>—This colorful English pottery, which was
made for everyday use, is a lead-glazed earthenware decorated with a
liquid clay or slip. The design was usually dropped or trailed upon the
ware from the spout (or quill) of a slip cup, somewhat in the manner a
baker decorates a cake with icing; or it may have been painted over a
large area or placed on in molded pads. Although most of the
slip-decorated-ware found at Jamestown was made in England, there is
some evidence that a few vessels may have been manufactured in America
during the late 17th century.</div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="english_redware_with_marbled_slip_decoration" name="english_redware_with_marbled_slip_decoration"></SPAN>English Redware with Marbled Slip Decoration.</h4>—On this type English
earthenware, which usually has a red body, the liquid slip was marbled
or combed over the surface of the vessel with a toothed instrument of
wire or leather to produce the effect of paper-marbling. Some in the
Jamestown collection appear to have been made as early as 1625.</div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="italian_maiolica" name="italian_maiolica"></SPAN>Italian Maiolica.</h4>—Maiolica is a word derived from a type of pottery
made on the Spanish island of Mallorca. The 17th-century Italian
maiolica-ware found at Jamestown is a red-body earthenware with
scratched or incised designs—a true sgraffito-ware. Somewhat similar in
appearance to the English sgraffito-ware, the desired design was
scratched through the cream-colored slip, revealing the reddish-brown
body beneath. On many examples, colorful lines were hand painted over or
near the incised designs, usually in reds, yellows, and greens, and were
covered with a transparent lead glaze.</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box043"><SPAN href="images/043.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/043s.jpg" title="English redware with marbled slip decoration, 1625-50 period or earlier, unearthed at Jamestown." alt="[Illustration: English redware with marbled slip decoration, 1625-50 period or earlier, unearthed at Jamestown.]" width-obs="539" height-obs="355" /></SPAN><div class="caption">English redware with marbled slip decoration, 1625-50 period or earlier, unearthed at Jamestown.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box044"><SPAN href="images/044.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/044s.jpg" title="Late 17th-century Italian maiolica bowls excavated at Jamestown." alt="[Illustration: Late 17th-century Italian maiolica bowls excavated at Jamestown.]" width-obs="540" height-obs="385" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Late 17th-century Italian maiolica bowls excavated at Jamestown.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box045"><SPAN href="images/045.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/045s.jpg" title="A few examples of English delftware in the Jamestown collection." alt="[Illustration: A few examples of English delftware in the Jamestown collection.]" width-obs="543" height-obs="389" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few examples of English delftware in the Jamestown collection.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box046"><SPAN href="images/046.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/046s.jpg" title="" alt="[Illustration]" width-obs="1073" height-obs="650" /></SPAN></div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="delftware" name="delftware"></SPAN>Delftware.</h4>—This is a soft pottery covered with an opaque white tin
glaze, and decorated with hand-painted designs, usually in blues and
purples. A few specimens excavated are embellished with pleasing
patterns in polychrome colors. Most of the delftware unearthed at
Jamestown was made in England (Lambeth, Southwark, and Bristol),
although a few examples were imported from Holland.</div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="spanish_maiolica" name="spanish_maiolica"></SPAN>Spanish Maiolica.</h4>—This maiolica is a tin-glazed earthenware with a soft
body usually buff in color and porous in texture. The colorful
decorations were hand painted on the absorbent surface—usually in
greens, blues, yellows, and reddish-browns, against a white background.
Some small Spanish jugs in the collection bear very crude dark-red
floral designs painted against a cream-colored background. A few
examples of maiolica found at Jamestown are believed to have been made
in Lisbon, and these usually have designs in blues and dark purples
against a white background.</div>
<div>
<h4><SPAN name="salt-glazed_stoneware" name="salt-glazed_stoneware"></SPAN>Salt-glazed Stoneware.</h4>—This common but attractive type of pottery found
in many excavations at Jamestown includes mugs, jars, bottles, tankards,
and jugs. It is a very hard ware which was fired at high temperatures
and finished with a salt glaze, formed by throwing common salt into the
furnace. The surface of the body has a pitted appearance resembling an
orange peel, and is covered with a thin, glasslike coating. Most of the
salt-glazed stoneware unearthed was made in Germany, although a small
amount was manufactured in England.</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box047"><SPAN href="images/047.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/047s.jpg" title="Colorful Spanish maiolica found which appear to have been made before 1650." alt="[Illustration: Colorful Spanish maiolica found which appear to have been made before 1650.]" width-obs="543" height-obs="385" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Colorful Spanish maiolica found which appear to have been made before 1650.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box048"><SPAN href="images/048.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/048s.jpg" title="A large German stoneware jug unearthed at Jamestown. The date “1661” appears above the medallion." alt="[Illustration: A large German stoneware jug unearthed at Jamestown. The date “1661” appears above the medallion.]" width-obs="357" height-obs="432" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A large German stoneware jug unearthed at Jamestown. The date “1661” appears above the medallion.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box049"><SPAN href="images/049.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/049s.jpg" title="A few examples of German salt-glazed stoneware in the Jamestown collection. All were made during the 17th century." alt="[Illustration: A few examples of German salt-glazed stoneware in the Jamestown collection. All were made during the 17th century.]" width-obs="547" height-obs="316" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few examples of German salt-glazed stoneware in the Jamestown collection. All were made during the 17th century.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box050"><SPAN href="images/050.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/050s.jpg" title="Reconstructed wineglasses and wineglass fragments in the Jamestown collection." alt="[Illustration: Reconstructed wineglasses and wineglass fragments in the Jamestown collection.]" width-obs="429" height-obs="418" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Reconstructed wineglasses and wineglass fragments in the Jamestown collection.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box051"><SPAN href="images/051.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/051s.jpg" title="Note the makers’ marks or seals on the wineglass fragments. Only a few English wineglasses bearing 17th-century makers’ seals have been found in America." alt="[Illustration: Note the makers’ marks or seals on the wineglass fragments. Only a few English wineglasses bearing 17th-century makers’ seals have been found in America.]" width-obs="436" height-obs="225" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Note the makers’ marks or seals on the wineglass fragments. Only a few English wineglasses bearing 17th-century makers’ seals have been found in America.</div>
</div>
<h3><SPAN name="metalware_eating_and_drinking_vessels" name="metalware_eating_and_drinking_vessels"></SPAN>Metalware Eating and Drinking Vessels</h3>
<p>While large numbers of eating and drinking vessels made of pottery have
been excavated on Jamestown Island, only a few fragments of utensils
made of silver, pewter, brass, and copper were found. Metalware vessels
were relatively scarce during the early years of the settlement, and
their almost complete absence in the Jamestown collection may be
attributed to the fact that not many of them were discarded, regardless
of their worn condition. Only a few metal handles from mugs and cups,
and a small number of pewter plate fragments, have been excavated.</p>
<p>Although no complete specimens of domestic silver and pewter eating and
drinking vessels were found, 17th-century records and inventories
indicate that many Jamestown families owned such wares (especially after
1630), including cups, beakers, dishes, salts, salvers, tankards,
porringers, bowls, and plates.</p>
<p>It is of interest that 2 goldsmiths, 2 refiners, and a jeweler arrived
at Jamestown in 1608 aboard the supply ship _Phoenix_. Although John
Smith related that these artisans “never had occasion to exercise their
craft,” it is possible that they made a few metal objects (such as
spoons) in the capital city.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="glass_drinking_vessels" name="glass_drinking_vessels"></SPAN>Glass Drinking Vessels</h3>
<p>Glass was made at Jamestown in 1608-09, and again in 1621-24. It was, in
all probability, the first commodity made by the English in a “factory”
in the New World. Many glass fragments were found at the furnace site,
but none was large enough to reveal what specific glass objects were
made there. It appears that drinking glasses may have been among the
items manufactured.</p>
<p>The majority of the glass drinking vessels unearthed at Jamestown were
made in England, although a few were manufactured in Germany, Italy, and
the Low Countries. In the collection are fragments from goblets,
beakers, bowls, and wineglasses. Four of the English wineglass stems
bear makers’ seals, rare marks seldom found on English drinking vessels.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="glass_wine_and_gin_bottles" name="glass_wine_and_gin_bottles"></SPAN>Glass Wine and Gin Bottles</h3>
<p>These comprise a large and important part of the Jamestown collection.
Literally thousands of glass fragments from these bottles have been
unearthed, and by diligent and patient work a few complete wine and gin
bottles have been pieced together.</p>
<p>The glass wine bottles were made in England. The oldest excavated, made
between 1640 and 1660, have spherical bodies and tall necks. Those made
between 1660 and 1680 have cup-shaped bodies with short necks. Of the
period between 1680 and 1700 the neck is very short and the body is wide
and squat. Insofar as is known, no glass wine bottles were used at
Jamestown before 1640.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box052"><SPAN href="images/052.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/052s.jpg" title="Glass wine bottles unearthed at Jamestown ranging in date from 1640 to 1690. Thousands of fragments of these bottles have been recovered." alt="[Illustration: Glass wine bottles unearthed at Jamestown ranging in date from 1640 to 1690. Thousands of fragments of these bottles have been recovered.]" width-obs="543" height-obs="222" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Glass wine bottles unearthed at Jamestown ranging in date from 1640 to 1690. Thousands of fragments of these bottles have been recovered.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box053"><SPAN href="images/053.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/053s.jpg" title="An assortment of glass bottle seals in the Jamestown collection. Some of the wealthy planters had their initials (or other ornamental device) stamped on the shoulders of the wine bottles which they ordered from England." alt="[Illustration: An assortment of glass bottle seals in the Jamestown collection. Some of the wealthy planters had their initials (or other ornamental device) stamped on the shoulders of the wine bottles which they ordered from England.]" width-obs="543" height-obs="408" /></SPAN><div class="caption">An assortment of glass bottle seals in the Jamestown collection. Some of the wealthy planters had their initials (or other ornamental device) stamped on the shoulders of the wine bottles which they ordered from England.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box054"><SPAN href="images/054.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/054s.jpg" title="This Dutch gin bottle excavated at Jamestown was imported from Holland." alt="[Illustration: This Dutch gin bottle excavated at Jamestown was imported from Holland.]" width-obs="205" height-obs="395" /></SPAN><div class="caption">This Dutch gin bottle excavated at Jamestown was imported from Holland.</div>
</div>
<p>About 1650 the practice of affixing glass seals or buttons on the
shoulders of English wine bottles was begun. The seal was inscribed with
a name, or initials, or a date; sometimes a coat of arms or a crest, or
other device or ornament. Many of these glass bottle seals have been
found at Jamestown. As a rule, only the wealthy and influential planters
had seals stamped on their wine bottles.</p>
<p>Gin bottles found at Jamestown are tall and square with thin glass
sides. Imported from Holland, many were made as early as 1625. One gin
bottle was miraculously unearthed intact, and not as much as a chip or
crack was found on this 300-year-old fragile specimen.</p>
<h3><SPAN name="food_storage_vessels_and_facilities" name="food_storage_vessels_and_facilities"></SPAN>Food Storage Vessels and Facilities</h3>
<p>Many earthenware jars, pots, bowls, and jugs excavated at Jamestown were
used for the storage of foods. Wooden and wicker containers were also
used, although because of their perishable nature none was unearthed.
Seventeenth-century inventories list many of these perishable storage
items, including casks, barrels, hogsheads, tubs, bins, and baskets.
Leather bottles are also mentioned in a few early records.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box055"><SPAN href="images/055.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/055s.jpg" title="Earthenware vessels used for the storage of foods. Some were made at Jamestown, some were imported from England." alt="[Illustration: Earthenware vessels used for the storage of foods. Some were made at Jamestown, some were imported from England.]" width-obs="528" height-obs="398" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Earthenware vessels used for the storage of foods. Some were made at Jamestown, some were imported from England.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box056"><SPAN href="images/056.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/056s.jpg" title="“Harvesting” ice, about 1650. Archeological excavations revealed that icehouses were built on the historic island over 300 years ago. (Painting by Sidney E. King.)" alt="[Illustration: “Harvesting” ice, about 1650. Archeological excavations revealed that icehouses were built on the historic island over 300 years ago. (Painting by Sidney E. King.)]" width-obs="543" height-obs="287" /></SPAN><div class="caption">“Harvesting” ice, about 1650. Archeological excavations revealed that icehouses were built on the historic island over 300 years ago. <span class="by">(Painting by Sidney E. King.)</span></div>
</div>
<p>A brick-lined storage compartment was found in the cellar (below floor
level) of one of the 17th-century buildings. It was used, undoubtedly,
for the storage of such easily spoiled foods as milk, cheese, eggs, and
cream. Wine, too, was probably kept in bottles in the cool compartment,
as many broken bottles were found inside.</p>
<p>An extremely important discovery was a large, deep, ice-storage pit,
believed to be the only 17th-century ice pit which has been excavated in
Virginia. The conjectural painting on page 48 shows its probable
appearance when in use about 1650. Ice-storage pits held dairy products,
meats, and other spoilable foods as well as ice. Pond ice was usually
cut and stored in the pit in late winter. Sometimes it lasted until late
summer or early autumn.</p>
<h2><SPAN name="clothing_and_footwear" name="clothing_and_footwear"></SPAN>Clothing and Footwear</h2>
<p>The Jamestown settlers of the middle class were usually dressed in hard
wearing, rough clothes made of homespun material, with a slightly better
(and perhaps more colorful) costume for Sunday and holiday wear. In 1622
each Englishman who planned to emigrate to Jamestown was advised to
supply himself with the following wearing apparel:</p>
<ul class="indented">
<li>“One Monmouth cap [a flat, round cap].</li>
<li>Three falling bands [a neckband or collar of a shirt which turned
down over the shoulders].</li>
<li>Three shirts.</li>
<li>One waste-coate.</li>
<li>One suite of Canvase [a suit made of coarse cloth, such as cotton,
hemp, tow, or jute].</li>
<li>One suite of Frize [a woolen fabric with a nap].</li>
<li>One suite of Cloth.</li>
<li>Three paire of Irish stockins.</li>
<li>Foure paire of shooes.</li>
<li>One paire of garters.</li>
<li>One doozen of points [a point was a tie or string ending with an
anglet and used to join parts of a costume as doublet and hose].”</li>
</ul>
<p>The women wore plain frocks and petticoats, although a few of the
wealthy ladies owned silk, satin, and velvet dresses. Bodices, as a
rule, were long pointed, and skirts were full and long.</p>
<p>Perhaps the most unique items of wearing apparel recovered at Jamestown
were several leather shoe soles and two almost-complete shoes, found in
a dirtlined well in association with artifacts of the 1625-50 period.</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box057"><SPAN href="images/057.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/057s.jpg" title="For everyday use the Jamestown settlers wore hardwearing clothes made of homespun cloth. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)" alt="[Illustration: For everyday use the Jamestown settlers wore hardwearing clothes made of homespun cloth. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)]" width-obs="441" height-obs="335" /></SPAN><div class="caption">For everyday use the Jamestown settlers wore hardwearing clothes made of homespun cloth. <span class="by">(Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)</span></div>
</div>
<p>Other objects unearthed relating to wearing apparel and costume
accessories, include an excellent assortment of buckles, buttons, and
brass eyelets. Items in the collection which were used in the mending of
clothes include needles, pins, and thimbles (both brass and silver).</p>
<div class="illustration" id="box058"><SPAN href="images/058.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/058s.jpg" title="A leather shoe and several leather shoe soles were uncovered in an early 17th-century well." alt="[Illustration: A leather shoe and several leather shoe soles were uncovered in an early 17th-century well.]" width-obs="460" height-obs="238" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A leather shoe and several leather shoe soles were uncovered in an early 17th-century well.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box059"><SPAN href="images/059.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/059s.jpg" title="A few buckles and buttons in the Jamestown collection. Many are over 300 years old." alt="[Illustration: A few buckles and buttons in the Jamestown collection. Many are over 300 years old.]" width-obs="538" height-obs="412" /></SPAN><div class="caption">A few buckles and buttons in the Jamestown collection. Many are over 300 years old.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box060"><SPAN href="images/060.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/060s.jpg" title="Homespun clothes were seldom discarded. The many pins, needles, and thimbles found reveal that mending was a never-ending chore for the busy housewife." alt="[Illustration: Homespun clothes were seldom discarded. The many pins, needles, and thimbles found reveal that mending was a never-ending chore for the busy housewife.]" width-obs="542" height-obs="357" /></SPAN><div class="caption">Homespun clothes were seldom discarded. The many pins, needles, and thimbles found reveal that mending was a never-ending chore for the busy housewife.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box061"><SPAN href="images/061.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/061s.jpg" title="An assortment of carpenters’ tools unearthed at Jamestown. Most of them were used over three centuries ago." alt="[Illustration: An assortment of carpenters’ tools unearthed at Jamestown. Most of them were used over three centuries ago.]" width-obs="423" height-obs="341" /></SPAN><div class="caption">An assortment of carpenters’ tools unearthed at Jamestown. Most of them were used over three centuries ago.</div>
</div>
<div class="illustration" id="box062"><SPAN href="images/062.jpg">
<ANTIMG class="illustration" src="images/062s.jpg" title="The Jamestown cooper was a busy craftsman. Many barrels, hogsheads, and casks were needed in the colony, and large quantities of barrel staves were made for shipping to England. (Painting by Sidney E. King.)" alt="[Illustration: The Jamestown cooper was a busy craftsman. Many barrels, hogsheads, and casks were needed in the colony, and large quantities of barrel staves were made for shipping to England. (Painting by Sidney E. King.)]" width-obs="542" height-obs="272" /></SPAN><div class="caption">The Jamestown cooper was a busy craftsman. Many barrels, hogsheads, and casks were needed in the colony, and large quantities of barrel staves were made for shipping to England. <span class="by">(Painting by Sidney E. King.)</span></div>
</div>
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