<center><b>LESSON 15.</b></center>
<center><b>Verbs</b> (<i>continued</i>).</center>
<p>In all the examples already given the Subject of the Sentence
is the <i>doer</i> of the action, but often it is <i>the one to
whom the action is done</i> who occupies our thoughts, and of
whom we wish to speak. This one then becomes the subject, and the
form of the Verb is changed. Instead of saying "The police are
searching for the thief," "Someone has broken the window,"
"Someone is going to finish the work to-morrow," we say "The
thief is being sought for by the police," "The window has been
broken," "The work is going to be finished to-morrow."</p>
<p>(Note the convenience of this form when we do not know or do
not wish to mention the doer).</p>
<SPAN name="ch038"></SPAN>
<p>In Esperanto the terminations <b>-ata</b>, <i>being</i>,
denoting <i>incompleteness</i> or <i>present</i> time,
<b>-ita</b>, <i>having been</i>, denoting <i>completeness</i> or
<i>past</i> time, and <b>-ota</b>, <i>about to be</i> (going to
be), denoting <i>action not yet begun</i>, or <i>future</i> time,
are added to the root of the verb, as <i>ami</i>, to love,
<i>amata</i>, being loved, <i>amita</i>, having been loved,
<i>amota</i>, going to be loved. <i>La ŝtelisto estas
serĉata de la policanoj</i> [Footnote: <i>De</i> is used
after these participles to denote the <i>doer</i> of the
action.], The thief is being searched for by the police. <i>La
fenestro estas rompita</i>, The window has been broken. <i>La
laboro estas finota morgaŭ</i>, The work is going to be
finished to-morrow.</p>
<p>It will be seen that these words ending in <i>-ata</i>,
<i>-ita</i>, <i>-ota</i> describe the subject or show the
<i>condition</i> or <i>state</i> in which the subject is,
therefore they are adjectival; the thief is a <i>searched-for</i>
thief, the window was a <i>broken</i> window, the work is a
<i>going-to-be-finished</i> work (compare The work will be
<i>ready</i> to-morrow). They are called <span style=
"font-variant: small-caps">Participles</span>, and being
adjectival, take <i>j</i> when the noun to which they belong is
plural.
<!-- formatted even more unlike other earlier similar statements --></p>
<SPAN name="ch039"></SPAN>
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="8">
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Mi estas tenata</i></td>
<td>I am (being) held.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Li estis tenata</i></td>
<td>He was (being) held.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Ni estos tenataj</i></td>
<td>We shall be (being) held.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Vi estus tenataj</i></td>
<td>You would be (being) held.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Ke ili estu tenataj</i></td>
<td>That they may be (being) held.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Estu tenata</i></td>
<td>Be (being) held.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Esti tenata</i></td>
<td>To be (being) held.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">�</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Mi estas vidita</i></td>
<td>I am (in the state of) having been seen, or, I have been
seen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Li estis vidita</i></td>
<td>He was (in the state of) having been seen, or, he had been
seen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Ni estos viditaj</i></td>
<td>We shall be (in the state of) having been seen, or, we shall
have been seen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Vi estus viditaj</i></td>
<td>You would be (in the state of) having been seen, or, you
would have been seen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>(Ke) ili estu viditaj</i></td>
<td>(That) they may be (in the state of) having been seen, or,
that they may have been seen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Esti vidita</i></td>
<td>To be (in the state of) having been seen, or, to have been
seen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">�</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Mi estas laŭdota</i></td>
<td>I am about (going) to be praised.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Ŝi estis laŭdota</i></td>
<td>She was about (going) to be praised.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Ni estos laŭdotaj</i></td>
<td>We shall be about (going) to be praised.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Vi estus laŭdotaj</i></td>
<td>You would be about (going) to be praised.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>(Ke) ili estu laŭdotaj</i></td>
<td>(That) they should be about (going) to be praised.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><i>Esti laŭdota</i></td>
<td>To be about (going) to be praised.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<!--
<i>Mi estas tenata</i> ...... I am (being) held.
<i>Li estis tenata</i> ...... He was (being) held.
<i>Ni estos tenataj</i> ..... We shall be (being) held.
<i>Vi estus tenataj</i> ..... You would be (being) held.
<i>Ke ili estu tenataj</i> .. That they may be (being) held.
<i>Estu tenata</i> .......... Be (being) held.
<i>Esti tenata</i> .......... To be (being) held.
<i>Mi estas vidita</i> ...... I am (in the state of) having
been seen, or, I have been
seen.
<i>Li estis vidita</i> ...... He was (in the state of) having
been seen, or, he had been
seen.
<i>Ni estos viditaj</i> ..... We shall be (in the state of)
having been seen, or, we
shall have been seen.
<i>Vi estus viditaj</i>. You would be (in the state of)
having been seen, or, you
would have been seen.
<i>(Ke) ili estu viditaj</i>. (That) they may be (in the
state of) having been seen,
or, that they may have been
seen.
<i>Esti vidita</i>. To be (in the state of) having
been seen, or, to have been
seen.
<i>Mi estas laŭdota</i>. I am about (going) to be praised.
<i>Ŝi estis laŭdota</i>. She was about (going) to be
praised.
<i>Ni estos laŭdotaj</i> .... We shall be about (going) to
be praised.
<i>Vi estus laŭdotaj</i> .... You would be about (going)
to be praised.
<i>(Ke) ili estu laŭdotaj</i> (That) they should be about
(going) to be praised.
<i>Esti laŭdota</i> ......... To be about (going) to be
praised.
-->
<center>
<table cellspacing="8">
<caption><b>Vocabulary.</b></caption>
<tr>
<td nowrap valign="top"><i>komercaĵo</i>, commodity.<br/>
<i>surtuto</i>, overcoat.<br/>
<i>ŝuldo</i>, debt.<br/>
<i>ringo</i>, ring.<br/>
<i>projekto</i>, project.<br/>
<i>inĝeniero</i>, civil engineer.<br/>
<i>fervojo</i>, railroad.<br/>
<i>preĝo</i>, prayer.<br/>
<i>pasero</i>, sparrow.<br/>
<i>aglo</i>, eagle.<br/>
<i>invit-</i>, invite.<br/>
<i>konstru-</i>, construct.</td>
<td nowrap valign="top"><i>sciig-</i>, inform.<br/>
<i>kaŝ-</i>, hide.<br/>
<i>pens-</i>, think.<br/>
<i>kapt-</i>, capture.<br/>
<i>trankvila</i>, quiet.<br/>
<i>tuta</i>, all, whole.<br/>
<i>grava</i>, important.<br/>
<i>ora</i>, golden.<br/>
<i>volonte</i>, willingly.<br/>
<i>sekve</i>, consequently.<br/>
<i>laŭ</i>, according to.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<SPAN name="ch040"></SPAN>
<p>Mi estas amata. Mi estis amata. Mi estos amata. Mi estus
amata. Estu amata. Esti amata. Vi estas lavita. Vi estis lavita.
Vi estos lavita. Vi estus lavita. Estu lavita. Esti lavita. Li
estas invitota. Li estis invitota. Li estos invitota. Li estus
invitota. Estu invitota. Esti invitota. Tiu ĉi
komercaĵo estas ĉiam volonte aĉetata de mi. La
surtuto estas aĉetita de mi; sekve ĝi apartenas al mi.
Kiam via domo estis konstruata, mia domo estis jam longe
konstruita. Mi sciigas, ke de nun la ŝuldoj de mia filo ne
estos pagataj de mi. Estu trankvila, mia tuta ŝuldo estos
pagita al vi baldaŭ. Mia ora ringo ne estus tiel longe
serĉata, se ĝi ne estus tiel lerte kaŝita de vi.
Laŭ la projekto de la inĝenieroj tiu ĉi fervojo
estas konstruota en la daŭro de du jaroj; sed mi pensas, ke
ĝi estos konstruata pli ol tri jarojn. Kiam la preĝo
estis finita, li sin levis.</p>
<p>Aŭgusto estas mia plej amata filo. Mono havata estas pli
grava ol havita. Pasero kaptita estas pli bona, ol aglo
kaptota.</p>
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