<h3> CHAPTER XI </h3>
<h3> MAKING BIRD SANCTUARIES </h3>
<p>The best place to study wild birds is on a reservation, for there birds
have greatly lost their fear of man, and primitive conditions have been
largely restored. In one of the southern sea-bird colonies I have
photographed Royal Terns standing unafraid on the sands not twelve feet
distant. They had become so accustomed to the warden in charge that
they had regained their confidence in man. At Lake Worth I saw a
gentleman feed Scaup Ducks that swam to within two yards of his boat.
In thousands of dooryards throughout the country wild birds, won by
kind treatment, now take their food or drink within a few feet of their
human protectors. The dooryards have become little bird reservations.
I have several
friends who regularly feed Chickadees in winter,
perched on their outstretched hands. It is astonishing how quickly
wild creatures respond to a reasonable treatment. This may readily be
learned by any householder who will try the experiment. With a little
patience any teacher can instruct her pupils in the simple art of
making the birds feel at home in the vicinity of the schoolhouse.</p>
<p><i>Natural Nesting Places Destroyed.</i>—Some kinds of birds, as far back
as we know their history, have built their nests in the holes of trees.
Woodpeckers have strong, chisel-shaped bills and are able to excavate
nesting cavities, but there are others that do not possess such tools.
These must depend on finding the abandoned hole of some Woodpecker, or
the natural hollow of some tree. It not infrequently happens that such
birds are obliged to search far and wide for a hole in which they can
make their abode. It is customary for those who take care of lawns and
city parks to chop away and remove all dead limbs or dead trees. As
very few Woodpeckers ever attempt
to dig a nesting hole in a
living tree, such work of the axeman means that when the season comes
for the rearing of young, all mated Woodpeckers must move on to where
more natural conditions await them. This results in an abnormal
reduction of the number of holes for the use of the weaker-billed
hole-nesting species, and they must seek the few available hollows or
knot-holes. Even these places are often taken away from them, for
along comes the tree doctor, who, in his purpose of aiding to preserve
the trees, fills up the natural openings with cement and the birds are
literally left out in the cold. It is plainly to be seen, therefore,
that one reason why more birds do not remain in our towns through the
spring months is the absence of places where they can lay their eggs
and rear their young.</p>
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Cemented Holes Shut Out the Chickadee
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<p><i>Nesting Boxes for Birds.</i>—To overcome this difficulty the Audubon
Society several years ago began to advocate the erection of suitable
nesting boxes, and to-day the practice is gaining wide usage. More
persons every year are putting such boxes upon poles
or nailing
them to trees about their homes, and some city authorities include bird
boxes in the annual expenditure for the care of public parks. It was
not much more than a decade ago that the first serious commercial
attempt was made to place bird boxes on the market. To-day there are
not less than twenty firms engaged in their manufacture. Some of the
boxes are very ornate and make beautiful additions even to the most
carefully kept estate. One can buy them at prices varying from
thirty-five cents to thirty-five dollars each. Among the many
responsible manufacturers that may be recommended are:</p>
<p>The Crescent Company, "Birdville," Toms River, New Jersey; Pinedale
Bird Nesting Box Company, Wareham, Massachusetts; The Audubon Bird
House Company, Meriden, New Hampshire; Maplewood Biologica Laboratory,
Stamford, Connecticut; Jacobs Bird House Company, 404 South Washington
St., Waynesburg, Pa.; Decker Brothers, Rhinebeck, New York; Winthrop
Packard, Canton, Massachusetts.</p>
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Gourds and Boxes for Martins
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<p>It is not necessary, however, to buy boxes to put
up for birds.
Equally useful ones can be made in the Manual Training Department of
any school, or in the basement or woodshed at home. If you do not know
how to begin, you should buy one bird box and construct others similar
for yourself. Men sometimes make the mistake of thinking it is
absolutely necessary that such boxes should conform strictly to certain
set dimensions. Remember that the cavities in trees and stumps, which
birds naturally use, show a wide variety in size, shape, and location.
A many-roomed, well-painted Martin house makes a pleasing appearance in
the landscape, but may not be attractive to the Martins. As a boy I
built up a colony of more than fifteen pairs of these birds by the
simple device of rudely partitioning a couple of soap boxes. The
entrances to the different rooms were neither uniform in size nor in
shape, but were such as an untrained boy could cut out with a hatchet.
A dozen gourds, each with a large hole in the side, completed the
tenements for this well-contented Martin community.</p>
<p><i>Some Rules for Making and Erecting Bird Boxes.</i>—Here are a few simple
rules on the making and placing of bird boxes:</p>
<p>1. In all nest boxes, except those designed for Martins, the opening
should be several inches above the floor, thus conforming to the
general plan of a Woodpecker's hole, or natural cavity in a tree.</p>
<p>2. As a rule nest boxes should be erected on poles from ten to thirty
feet from the ground, or fastened to the sides of trees where limbs do
not interfere with the outlook. The main exception is in the case of
Wrens, whose boxes or gourds can be nailed or wired in fruit trees or
to the side of buildings.</p>
<p>3. Martin houses should be erected on poles at least twenty feet high,
placed well out in the open, not less than one hundred feet from
buildings or large trees.</p>
<p>4. All boxes should be taken down after the nesting season and the old
nesting material removed.</p>
<p><i>Size of Bird Boxes.</i>—As to the size of nesting boxes for various
species, and the diameter of the entrance hole, I cannot do better than
give the dimensions
prepared by Ned Dearborn, of the United
States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p>
<p>DIMENSIONS OF NESTING BOXES<br/>
<br/>
Species Floor Depth Entrance Diameter Height<br/>
of of above of above<br/>
cavity cavity floor entrance ground<br/>
<br/>
_Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet_<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Bluebird 5 by 5 8 6 1 1/2 5 to 10<br/>
Robin 6 by 8 8 [1] [1] 6 to 15<br/>
Chickadee 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1 1/8 6 to 15<br/>
Tufted Titmouse 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1 1/4 6 to 15<br/>
White-breasted<br/>
Nuthatch 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1 1/4 12 to 20<br/>
House Wren 4 by 4 6 to 8 1 to 6 7/8 6 to 10<br/>
Bewick Wren 4 by 4 6 to 8 1 to 6 1 6 to 10<br/>
Carolina Wren 4 by 4 6 to 8 1 to 6 1 1/8 6 to 10<br/>
Dipper 6 by 6 6 1 3 1 to 3<br/>
Violet-green<br/>
Swallow 5 by 5 6 1 to 6 1 1/2 10 to 15<br/>
Tree Swallow 5 by 5 6 1 to 6 1 1/2 10 to 15<br/>
Barn Swallow 6 by 6 6 [1] [1] 8 to 12<br/>
Martin 6 by 6 6 1 2 1/2 15 to 20<br/>
Song Sparrow 6 by 6 6 [2] [2] 1 to 3<br/>
House Finch 6 by 6 6 4 2 8 to 12<br/>
Phoebe 6 by 6 6 [1] [1] 8 to 12<br/>
Crested<br/>
Flycatcher 6 by 6 8 to 10 8 2 8 to 20<br/>
Flicker 7 by 7 16 to 18 16 2 1/2 6 to 20<br/>
Red-headed<br/>
Woodpecker 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 2 12 to 20<br/>
Golden-fronted<br/>
Woodpecker 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 2 12 to 20<br/>
Hairy Woodpecker 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 1 1/2 12 to 20<br/>
Downy Woodpecker 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1 1/4 6 to 20<br/>
Screech Owl 8 by 8 12 to 15 12 3 10 to 30<br/>
Sparrow Hawk 8 by 8 12 to 15 12 3 10 to 30<br/>
Saw-whet Owl 6 by 6 10 to 12 10 2 1/2 12 to 20<br/>
Barn Owl 10 by 18 15 to 18 4 6 12 to 18<br/>
Wood Duck 10 by 18 10 to 15 3 6 4 to 20<br/></p>
<p>[1] One or more sides open.</p>
<p>[2] All sides open.</p>
<br/>
<p>The foregoing list does not contain the names of all the kinds of birds
which have thus far been induced to occupy these artificial nesting
sites, but it has most of them. It should be remembered that
hole-nesting birds are the only kind that will ever use a bird box.
One need not expect a Meadowlark to leave its nest in the grass for a
box on a pole, nor imagine that an Oriole will give up the practice of
weaving its swinging cradle on an elm limb to go into a box nailed to
the side of the tree.</p>
<p>Feeding Birds.—Much can be done to bring birds about the home or the
schoolhouse by placing food where they can readily get it. The
majority of land birds that pass the winter in Canada or in the colder
parts of the United States feed mainly upon seeds. Cracked corn,
wheat, rice, sunflower seed, hemp seed, and bird seed, purchased
readily in any town, are, therefore, exceedingly attractive articles of
diet. Bread crumbs are enjoyed by many species. Food should not be
thrown out on the snow unless there is a crust on it or the snow has
been well trampled down.
Usually it should be placed on boards.
Various feeding plans have been devised to prevent the food from being
covered or washed away by snow or rain. Detailed explanations of these
can be found in Bulletin No. 1, "Attracting Birds About the Home,"
issued by the National Association of Audubon Societies. Suet wired to
the limb of a tree on the lawn will give comfort and nourishment to
many a Chickadee, Nuthatch and Downy Woodpecker. To make a bird
sanctuary nesting sites and food are the first requirements. There
appears to be no reason why town and city parks should not be made into
places of great attraction for the wild birds.</p>
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A California hospital for injured birds, erected and maintained by Mrs. Harriet W. Myers of Los Angeles
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<p><i>Community Sanctuaries.</i>—At Meriden, New Hampshire, there is a tract
of land containing thirty-two acres of fields and woods, dedicated to
the comfort and happiness of wild birds. It is owned by the Meriden
Bird Club, and owes its existence largely to the intelligence and
enthusiasm of Ernest H. Baynes, bird-lover and lecturer, who lives
there. The entire community takes an interest in its maintenance,
and there birds are fed and nesting places provided. It is in
the widest sense a "community sanctuary." There are now a number of
these co�perative bird havens established and cared for in practically
the same way. One is in Cincinnati, another in Ithaca, New York, and
still another at Greenwich, Connecticut.</p>
<p><i>Birdcraft Sanctuary.</i>—The best equipped of this class of community
bird refuges, as distinguished from private estates, or Audubon
Society, State, or Federal bird reservations, is Birdcraft Sanctuary in
Fairfield, Connecticut, a tract of ten acres presented to the
Connecticut Audubon Society in June, 1914. Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright,
President of the Connecticut Society, has written that in the creation
of this sanctuary it was decided that certain requirements were
necessary:</p>
<p>"A cat-proof fence to surround the entire place. That it may not look
aggressive, it should be set well inside the picturesque old wall.
Stone gateposts and a rustic gate at the entrance on the
highway.
A bungalow for the caretaker, wherein there shall be a room for the
meetings of the Society's Executive Committee and Board. A tool and
workshop of corresponding style. Several rustic shelters and many
seats.</p>
<p>"The assembling of the various springs into a pond, so designed as to
make an island of a place where the Redwings nest.</p>
<p>"Trails to be cut through the brush and the turf grass in a charming
bit of old orchard on the hilltop, to be restored for the benefit of
worm-pulling Robins.</p>
<p>"Several stone basins to be constructed for birdbaths, houses to be put
up of all sorts, from Wren boxes, Von Berlepsch model. Flicker and Owl
boxes, to a Martin hotel; and, lastly, the supplementing of the natural
growth by planting pines, spruces, and hemlocks for windbreaks, and
mountain ashes, mulberries, sweet cherries, flowering shrubs and vines
for berries and Hummingbird honey."</p>
<p>Not only were all these things done, but there has
been built and
equipped a small museum of Natural History, unique in its good taste
and usefulness.</p>
<p><i>Cemeteries as Bird Sanctuaries.</i>—The interest in the subject of bird
sanctuaries is growing every day; in fact, all America is now planning
new homes for her birds—homes where they may live with unrestricted
freedom, where food and lodging in abundance, and of the best, will be
supplied, where bathing-pools will be at their service, where
blossoming trees will welcome them in the spring and fields of grain in
the fall, quiet places where these privileges will bring to the birds
much joy and contentment. Throughout this country there should be a
concerted effort to convert the cemeteries, the homes of our friends
who have gone away, into sanctuaries for the bird life of this land.
And what isolated spots could be more welcome to the birds than these
places that hold so many sad memories for human beings?</p>
<p>No place in the world ought to speak more forcibly to us of the
Resurrection than the cemeteries of our land. In them we should hear
inspiring bird songs,
notice the nesting of birds, and the little
ones preparing for their flight into the world. There we should find
beautiful flowers and waving grain, typical of that spiritual harvest
which should be associated in our minds with comfort and peace.</p>
<p><i>A Birdless Cemetery.</i>—I visited, not long ago, one of the old-time
cemeteries, the pride of a neighbouring city. It was indeed a place of
beauty to the eye; but to my mind there is always something flat and
insipid about a landscape lacking the music of singing birds.
Therefore I looked and listened for my feathered friends. Some English
Sparrows flew up from the drive, and I heard the rusty hinge-like notes
of a small company of Purple Crackles that were nesting, I suspected,
in the pine trees down the slope, but of really cheerful bird life
there appeared to be none in this artificially beautified, forty-acre
enclosure. There is no reason to suppose that, under normal
conditions, birds would shun a cemetery any more than does the
traditional graveyard rabbit.</p>
<p>It was not dread of the dead, such as some mortals
have, that
kept the song birds from this place; it was the work of the living that
had driven them away. From one boundary to another there was scarcely
a yard of underbrush where a Thrasher or Chewink might lurk, or in
which a Redstart, or a dainty Chestnut-sided Warbler, might place its
nest. Not a drop of water was discoverable, where a bird might slake
its thirst. Neither in limb nor bole was there a single cavity where a
Titmouse, Wren, or Bluebird might construct a bed for its young. No
fruit-bearing trees were there to invite the birds in summer; nor, so
far as I could see, any berry-bearing shrubs such as birds enjoy, nor
any weed patches to attract the flocks of Whitethroats and Juncos that
come drifting southward with the falling leaves of autumn.</p>
<p>Had my visit to this place been made late in April, or in May, there
might have been a different tale to tell. September might also have
yielded more birds than June, for September is a season when the
migrants are with us for a time. Then the little <i>voyageurs</i> of the
upper air are wont to pause after a
night of tiresome flight, and
rest for the day in any grove that chances to possess even moderate
home comforts.</p>
<p><i>Birds of a New York Graveyard.</i>—Some time ago B. S. Bowdish made a
careful study of the bird life of St. Paul's Churchyard, in New York
City. This property is three hundred and thirty-three feet long and
one hundred and seventy-seven feet wide. In it is a large church and
also a church school. Along one side surge the Broadway throngs. From
the opposite side come the roar and rumble of an elevated railway. The
area contains, according to Mr. Bowdish, three large, ten medium, and
forty small trees. With great frequency for two years, field glass in
hand, he pursued his work of making a bird census of the graveyard. No
bird's nest rewarded his search, for the place was absolutely destitute
of feathered songsters during the late spring and summer, and, with a
single exception, he never found a bird there in winter. Yet it is
interesting to note that in this noisy, limited area, during the
periods of migration, he discovered three hundred and twenty-eight
birds, embracing forty species.</p>
<p>Why do not more of the birds that pass in spring tarry in this quiet
place for the summer? The answer is that the cemetery has been
rendered unattractive to them by the merely human committee in charge
of the property.</p>
<p>During the season when birds are engaged with their domestic duties
they are usually a very wise little people. They know perfectly well
whether a region is calculated to provide them with sure and safe
nesting sites, and whether sufficient food and water are available for
their daily wants. A little of this same wisdom on our part, and a
comparatively small expenditure, might make a bird paradise of almost
any cemetery. Such places are not usually frequented by men and boys
who go afield for the purpose of shooting. That is an important point
in the establishment of a bird sanctuary.</p>
<p><i>Eliminate Enemies.</i>—One great enemy of the birds, however, must be
guarded against—the domestic
cat. This can be done fairly
effectively by means of a cat-proof fence.</p>
<p>Gunners and cats having been eliminated, few other enemies of birds
need be seriously considered. Bird-catching Hawks are not often
numerous in the neighbourhood of cemeteries. Red squirrels are accused
of pilfering from birds' nests, and when abundant they may constitute a
menace.</p>
<p>Properly constructed bird boxes, wisely placed, have often proved a
means of increasing bird life to an astonishing degree; and they are
absolutely the only inducement to hole-nesting varieties to remain
during the summer in a cemetery from which all standing dead wood has
been removed. Even the strong-billed Woodpecker will not abide in a
region where the only trees are living ones, unless, perchance, an
artificial nest entices the resplendent and dashing Flicker to tarry.
Many a Bluebird, with its azure coat gleaming in the sunlight, visits
the cemetery in early spring. From perch to perch he flies, and in his
plaintive note can be detected the
question that every bird asks
of his mate: "Where shall we find a place for our nest?" In the end he
flies away. Therefore when the roses and lilies bloom the visitor is
deprived of the Bluebird's cheery song, for the little fellow and his
mate have departed to the neighbouring farm where they may be found,
perhaps, in the old apple orchard.</p>
<p>A few cents expended for lumber and a very little labour in the making
of a small box to be attached to the side of a tree or erected on a
post, are all that is needed to keep the Bluebirds where they can cheer
the hearts of sorrowing visitors. The tiny Wrens, whose loud bursts of
song are entirely out of proportion to their size, can be attracted in
summer to the proportion of two pairs or more to every acre.</p>
<p>It is a curious fact, of which I believe but little has been written,
that birds that build open nests may often be induced to remain in a
locality if attractive nesting material is placed within easy reach.</p>
<p>In many a cemetery Orioles could be tempted to weave cradles among the
swaying elm limbs if
strings and fragments of brightly coloured
yarns were placed where the birds could find them. Baron von
Berlepsch, whose experiments in attracting birds to his place in
Germany have been widely advertised, found that when the tops of bushes
were drawn in closely by means of a wire or cord, the resulting thick
mass of leaves and twigs offered so fine a place for concealing nests
that few birds could resist the temptation to use them.</p>
<p>Other means of rendering a cemetery alluring to nesting birds will
readily present themselves when an active interest is developed in the
subject. A little thought, a little care, and a little trouble, would
make it possible for many birds to dwell in a cemetery, and it must be
remembered that unless they can nest there, the chances are that no
great volume of bird music will fill the air.</p>
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A Bird Bath
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<p>The young of most song birds are fed to a great extent on the soft
larvae of insects, of which there is usually an abundant supply
everywhere. Many mother birds, however, like to vary this animal diet
with a little fruit juice, and the ripened pulp of the
blackberry, strawberry, or mulberry, will cheer the spirits of their
nestlings. Such fruits in most places are easily grown, and they make
a pleasant addition to the birds' menu. In a well-watered territory
birds are always more numerous than in a dry region. You may
find a hundred of them along the stream in the valley to one on the
mountain-top. A cemetery undecorated with fountains, and through or
near which no stream flows, is too dry a place for the average bird to
risk the exigencies of rearing a family. A few simply constructed
fountains or drinking-pools will work wonders in the way of attracting
birds to a waterless territory.</p>
<p>In many graveyards considerable unoccupied space might well be planted
in buckwheat or some other small grain. If this is left uncut the
quantity of nourishing food thus produced will bring together many
kinds of grain-eating birds.</p>
<p><i>Berries and Fruits for Birds.</i>—Many native shrubs and bushes grow
berries that birds will come far to gather. Look over the following
list which Frederick H. Kennard, of Massachusetts, has recommended, and
see if you do not think many of them would be decorative additions to
the cemetery. Surely some of them are equal in beauty to many of
the shrubs usually planted, and they have the added value of furnishing
birds with wholesome food. Here is a part of Mr. Kennard's list:
shad-bush, gray, silky, and red osier, cornel, dangleberry,
huckleberry, inkberry, black alder, bayberry, shining, smooth, and
staghorn sumachs, large-flowering currant, thimbleberry, blackberry,
elder, snowberry, dwarf bilberry, blueberry, black haw, hobblebush, and
arrow-wood. In the way of fruit-bearing shade trees he recommends
sugar maple, flowering dogwood, white and cockspur thorn, native red
mulberry, tupelo, black cherry, choke cherry, and mountain ash. For
the same purpose he especially recommends the planting of the following
vines: Virginia creeper, bull-beaver, frost grape, and fox grape.</p>
<p>Such shrubs and vines are usually well stripped of their berries after
the first heavy snowfall. That is the time to begin feeding the birds
in earnest. The more food wisely placed where the birds can get it,
the more birds you will surely have in the winter. Seeds and grain,
with a judicious mixture of animal
fat, form the best possible
ration for the little feathered pilgrims. Rye, wheat, sunflower seeds,
and cracked corn, mixed together in equal parts and accompanied by a
liberal sprinkling of ground suet and beef scrap, make an excellent
food for birds at this season. This should be placed on shelves
attached to trees or buildings, or on oilcloth spread on the snow, or
on the ground where the snow has been scraped away. On one occasion
the writer attracted many birds by the simple method of providing them
with finely pounded fresh beef bones. Furnishing birds with food in
winter might well be made a pleasant and profitable duty of the
children who attend Sunday-school in rural churches that have
graveyards near.</p>
<p>Why should we not make a bird sanctuary of every city park and cemetery
in America? Why leave these places to the Sparrows, the Grackles, and
perhaps the Starlings, when Bluebirds and Thrushes are within hail,
eager to come if the hand of invitation be extended?</p>
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